{"id":5318,"date":"2016-10-16T14:36:04","date_gmt":"2016-10-16T11:36:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/artblog\/?p=5318"},"modified":"2017-06-07T03:42:56","modified_gmt":"2017-06-07T00:42:56","slug":"post-marksizm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/artblog\/sanat-felsefesi\/post-marksizm.html","title":{"rendered":"Marksizm’den Post Marksizm’e"},"content":{"rendered":"

Marksizm’den Post Marksizm’e<\/h2>\n

Post Marksizm<\/strong>, modern d\u00fcnyan\u0131n i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kan ve bu anlamda modern bir teori olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen ama modern toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n egemen g\u00fcc\u00fcne Marksizmin ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu \u00f6zenlik ve s\u0131n\u0131flar anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131: Ne onun kapitalist geli\u015fmenin tarihsel y\u00f6nelimi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc, ne de antagonizmalar\u0131n ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 saydam bir toplum olarak kom\u00fcnizm anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek olanakl\u0131\u201d oldu\u011funa dair savlar\u0131d\u0131r. <\/a>Ayn\u0131 zamanda postmoderniteyi de olumlayan radikal demokrasi teorisyenlerinden Mouffe\u2019a g\u00f6re radikal demokrasi i\u00e7in postmodern d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn bir \u015fans oldu\u011funu ilk ba\u015fta s\u00f6ylemek gerekir.\u00a0<\/sup><\/a> Asl\u0131nda yukar\u0131da ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en Baudrillard, Lyotard ve Foucault gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler de Marksizme eklenebilir. Fakat bunlar daha \u00e7ok Post Marksizm ‘le ili\u015fkilerini kesip atan veya ona kar\u015f\u0131 olan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerdir. Oysa Laclau ve Mouffe, Marksizme h\u00e2l\u00e2 ba\u011fl\u0131 dururlar, ama onun temel nok\u00adtalardaki eksikliklerini gidermek ad\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Onlara g\u00f6re, Marksizmin i\u00e7inde bir kriz mevcuttur ki bu kriz 1970\u2019lerde Marksist teorinin \u00e7\u0131kmaza girmesiyle neticelenir. Krizin nedeni, Marksist teorideki temel antagonizma olan s\u0131n\u0131fsal kar\u015f\u0131t yap\u0131n\u0131n, toplumsal\u0131 anlamada s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r. S\u0131n\u0131f kavra\u00adm\u0131n\u0131n kendisi, ezilen veya bask\u0131ya u\u011frayan di\u011fer insanlar\u0131 da g\u00f6s\u00adtermek, anlam\u0131nda evrensel bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flamaz. \u201cG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde birey yaln\u0131zca bir emek-g\u00fcc\u00fc sat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak de\u011fildir. Di\u011fer pek \u00e7ok toplumsal ili\u015fkiye kat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 yoluyla da sermayeye ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r: k\u00fclt\u00fcr, bo\u015f zaman, hastal\u0131k, e\u011fitim, seks ve hatta \u00f6l\u00fcm. Neredeyse, kapi\u00adtalist ili\u015fkilerden kurtulan hi\u00e7bir bireysel ya da kolektif hayat alan\u0131 yoktur.\u2019\u2019\u00a0<\/sup> Post Marksizm, \u00f6yleyse s\u0131n\u0131f kavram\u0131 bu kapitalist a\u011f\u0131n ili\u015fkilerini analiz etmede eksiktir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bireyin \u00fczerinde ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 elbise sadece fab\u00adrika \u00f6nl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131n Haklar\u0131, G\u00f6\u00e7men Haklar\u0131<\/h3>\n

Bu ba\u011flamda i\u00e7inde sosyalist etkisi olsa da radikal demokrasi i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131f temelli bir devrim imk\u00e2ns\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Fakat toplumsal yap\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki di\u011fer farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 politik m\u00fccadele alan\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015far\u0131s\u0131na atmas\u0131yla da s\u0131n\u0131f kavram\u0131, sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmede bir engel olarak g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fclmektedir. Nitekim, kad\u0131n haklar\u0131, g\u00f6\u00e7men haklar\u0131 ya da di\u011fer az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunmada s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n bir birle\u015ftiricili\u011fi yoktur. Ay\u00adr\u0131ca bunlar\u0131n kendi farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7inde politik olarak haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve m\u00fccadelelerini e\u015fde\u011fer g\u00f6rmek gerekir ki radikal demokrasinin yollar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7an da bu farkl\u0131 temeldeki hak m\u00fccadelelerine imk\u00e2n ta\u00adn\u0131mak ve bu m\u00fccadeleleri birbirine ba\u011flamak durumudur.\u00a0<\/sup><\/p>\n

Post Marksizm, radi\u00adkal demokrasi teorisi, bu a\u00e7\u0131dan toplumu heterojen\/\u00e7oklu gruplar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bu heterojen toplumda radikal demokrasiyi de hak m\u00fccadelelerini birle\u015ftiren bir yol olarak sunup, m\u00fccadeleler a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Ama Laclau-Mouffe, radikal demokratik bir devrim he\u00addeflerken, bilin\u00e7li olarak kesin biryol haritas\u0131 veya re\u00e7etesi sunma\u00adyarak, kendilerini\/teorilerini dura\u011fan olmaktan veya kati kurallara ba\u011flamaktan da kurtar\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

K\u0131saca Laclau ve Mouffe\u2019un d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce\u00adleri \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralanabilir:<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. Kapitalist toplumsal d\u00fczenin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcl ili\u015fki bi\u00e7imi olan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ili\u015fkileri yerini devlet ve sivil toplum aras\u0131n\u00addaki tabiyet ili\u015fkilerine b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u0131n\u0131f kavram\u0131 yerini vatanda\u015f, az\u0131nl\u0131klar, farkl\u0131 kimlikler, \u00f6zne konumlar\u0131, \u2018\u00f6te\u00adkiler ve bireylere b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n
  2. Marksizmdeki ekonominin toplumsal alandaki her \u015feyi belirledi\u011fi ekonomik indirgemeci anlay\u0131\u015f terk edilmelidir. Toplumsal \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, art\u0131k ekonomik alandaki serma- ye-emek \u00e7eli\u015fkisinden de\u011fil, siyasal alandaki devlet-sivil toplum b\u00fcrokrasi, metala\u015fma ve homojenle\u015fmeye kar\u015f\u0131t olarak geli\u015fen yeni toplumsal hareketler) \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan t\u00fcremekte ve gittik\u00e7e \u00e7e\u015fitlenmekte ve daha \u00e7ok say\u0131da ili\u015fkiye da\u011f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n
  3. Bir kimsenin sosyo-ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan i\u015fgal etti\u011fi yer ile siya- si-ideolojik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki herhangi zorunlu ili\u015fki yok\u00adtur. Bu anlamda, ideoloji ve politika kategorileri, ekonomi ve s\u0131n\u0131fsal ili\u015fkilerden ayr\u0131 ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z toplumsal katego\u00adrilerdir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      \n
    1. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz toplumlar\u0131nda \u201cs\u0131n\u0131f\u2019 gibi evrensel kimlikler ve nesnel \u00e7\u0131karlardan s\u00f6z edilemez \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc toplumsal m\u00fcca\u00addeleler \u00e7e\u015fitlenmi\u015ftir ve bu do\u011frultuda \u2018yeni\u2019 toplumsal hareketler siyasetin temel akt\u00f6rleri haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n
    2. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n devrimci bir rol\u00fc oldu\u011fu fikri terk edilme\u00adlidir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fim ve devrimler i\u00e7eri\u00adsinde i\u015fgal etmi\u015f oldu\u011fu merkezi konumu art\u0131k ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 art\u0131k \u00f6nemli bir toplumsal akt\u00f6r\/ \u00f6zne olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmemelidir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, herhangi bir \u00f6zne konumunun ve farkl\u0131 kimliklerin (\u00e7evreci, e\u015fcinsel, bar\u0131\u015f veya kad\u0131n hareketi vb) toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fime yapaca\u00ad\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131yla i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n katk\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131nda herhangi bir fark bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n
    3. Sosyalizmin e\u015fitlik ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck idealine kitlesel bir siyasal devrim yoluyla de\u011fil, Radikal Demokrasi Projesinin da\u00adyand\u0131\u011f\u0131 burjuva demokrasinin derinle\u015ftirilmesi ve geni\u015f\u00adletilmesiyle ula\u015f\u0131labilir.<\/li>\n
    4. Radikal demokrasi stratejisi toplumsal olgular\u0131n tamam\u00adlanmam\u0131\u015f ve a\u00e7\u0131k bir karakteri oldu\u011fundan hareket et\u00admektedir. Toplumsal olan tarihseldir, \u00f6nceden belirlene- mez; bu anlamda toplumda \u00e7o\u011fullu\u011fu ve merkezsizli\u011fi kabul etmeliyiz. Buna g\u00f6re, siyasal alanlar ve \u00f6zneler \u00e7o\u011fulla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu \u00e7o\u011fulluk tek bir \u00f6zelli\u011fe indirgenemez. Radikal demokrasi, bu \u00f6znelerin \u00e7o\u011fulla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve birey merkezli haklar\u0131 temele al\u0131r ve herkese uyabilecek bir ev\u00adrensellik fikrini reddeder. Ayr\u0131ca, radikal demokrasi m\u00fc\u00adcadelesinde hi\u00e7bir \u00f6zne konumu di\u011ferinden daha ayr\u0131ca\u00adl\u0131kl\u0131 bir durumda de\u011fildir.<\/li>\n
    5. \u201cToplumsal\u201d olan her \u015fey s\u00f6ylemseldir. \u0130deolojik ve politik \u00e7\u0131karlar ancak, s\u00f6ylem yoluyla kurulabilir. Siyaset, hegemonik pratiklere y\u00f6nelen bir s\u00f6ylem kurma s\u00fcrecidir ve herhangi bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n maddi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 \u00fczerinden bi\u00e7imlendirilemez. Siyaset, g\u00fcncel duruma uygun olarak \u00e7o\u011fulla\u015fm\u0131\u015f \u00f6zne konumlar\u0131n\u0131 eklemleyecek hegemonik bir pratik ola\u00adrak kavranmal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Radikal Demokrasi Teorisi<\/h3>\n

      Radikal demokrasi teorisini postmodern d\u00f6nemin bir teori\u00adsi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcrsek ve \u00f6zellikle bir \u00fcst anlat\u0131 olmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek, Eagleton\u2019\u0131n postmodern d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ele\u015ftirisini, radikal demokrasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini de i\u00e7ine alarak yeniden okuyabiliriz. Ona g\u00f6re, postmodernitenin b\u00fcy\u00fck anlat\u0131lar\u0131 kabul etmemesinin ne\u00addeni bir b\u00fcy\u00fck anlat\u0131 kuracak bilgiden yoksun olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan radikal demokrasi de bir b\u00fcy\u00fck anlat\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

      Nihai olarak belirlemek gerekirse postmodern d\u00f6nemde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00adlerin veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin Marksizmle olan ili\u015fkisi, her ikisini bir\u00adbirine verdi\u011fi cevaplar olarak de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fimizde, iki anlamda \u00f6nemlidir. Birincisi, postmodern d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce her ne kadar modernite kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir ele\u015ftiri olsa da politik olarak neo-liberal dalgan\u0131n bir bo\u00adyutu olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde as\u0131l kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131n do\u011frudan Marksizme oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. \u0130kinci olarak, postmodern d\u00f6nemin k\u00fcresel kapitalizmin k\u00fclt\u00fcr mant\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc d\u00fczeni \u015feklinde de\u011ferlendi\u00adren ve bu y\u00fczden de postmoderniteye en sert ele\u015ftirinin de Mark\u00adsist perspektiften yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

      Modernite, Postmodernite ve Bauman, Mehmet E. \u015eim\u015fek, Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Marksizm’den Post Marksizm’e Post Marksizm, modern d\u00fcnyan\u0131n i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kan ve bu anlamda modern bir teori olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen ama modern toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n egemen g\u00fcc\u00fcne Marksizmin ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu \u00f6zenlik ve s\u0131n\u0131flar anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131: Ne onun kapitalist geli\u015fmenin tarihsel y\u00f6nelimi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc, ne de antagonizmalar\u0131n ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 saydam bir toplum olarak kom\u00fcnizm anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek olanakl\u0131\u201d oldu\u011funa dair savlar\u0131d\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda postmoderniteyi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5334,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[266],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5318","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sanat-felsefesi"],"yoast_head":"\nMarksizm'den Post Marksizm'e - Arthipo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Modern d\u00fcnyan\u0131n i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kan ve bu anlamda modern bir teori olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen, ama modern toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n egemen g\u00fcc\u00fcne Post Marksizm\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/artblog\/sanat-felsefesi\/post-marksizm.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Marksizm'den Post Marksizm'e - 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