{"id":5004,"date":"2016-10-14T01:35:29","date_gmt":"2016-10-13T22:35:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/artblog\/?p=5004"},"modified":"2017-06-07T03:43:42","modified_gmt":"2017-06-07T00:43:42","slug":"modernlik-ve-modernite","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/artblog\/sanat-felsefesi\/modernlik-ve-modernite.html","title":{"rendered":"Modernlik ve Modernite"},"content":{"rendered":"

Modernlik ve Modernite<\/h2>\n

Modernlik veya modernite<\/strong> (modernty ve modernite) Frans\u0131zca ve \u0130ngilizceden \u00e7evirilerine g\u00f6re kullan\u0131lmakta olup, bu kavramlar\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede \u00e7ok yak\u0131n hatta ayn\u0131 anlamda kullan\u0131lmakta oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Bu nedenle burada iki kavram\u0131 da her seferinde tek ba\u015f\u0131na kullansak da di\u011ferini de bir g\u00f6lge olarak yan\u0131nda tuttu\u011fumuzu belirtmek gerekir. Modern kavram\u0131ndan t\u00fcreyen kavram(lar), modern\u2019i bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 veya durum olarak ifade etmektedir. Bir s\u00fcreci anlatmalar\u0131, bir de\u011fi\u015fimi g\u00f6stermeleri ayn\u0131 zamanda bu de\u011fi\u015fimin s\u00fcrmekte oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Moderniteye hem modern felsefe hem de sosyal bilim \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ikisinin de modernitenin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kleri i\u015faret etti\u011fi g\u00f6zlemlenebilir. Bu ba\u011flamda modernli\u011fin k\u00f6klerini orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren ya\u015fanan R\u00f6nesans ve Reform hareketlerinin dalgas\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan entelekt\u00fcel, bilimsel ve toplumsal geli\u015fmeleri ve de\u011fi\u015fimleri i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran bir mahiyette mevcudiyet kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek abes olmaz.<\/p>\n

Burada, \u201cinsan\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu de\u011ferin y\u00fcceltilmesi, insana ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bir yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015fa dair iyimser bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, insan\u0131n ebedi bir nitelik kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ya\u015fam sanat\u0131 yaratma \u00e7abas\u0131: \u0130nsan iradesinin ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ke\u015ffine dayanan h\u00fcmanizmin temel yap\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131,\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. \u00d6te yandan modernitenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na dair \u00fcst\u00fcnde anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kesin bir tarih vermek (toplumsal ba\u011flamda b\u00f6yle bir kesinli\u011fin zaten m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fik\u00e2rd\u0131r) imk\u00e2ns\u0131z olsa da farkl\u0131 disiplinler yakla\u015f\u0131mlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde kavram\u0131n ya da durumun ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na dair \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan noktalarda de\u011fi\u015fmeler oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

\"modernlik-1900-yillar\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Felsefe A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Descartes\u2019in Y\u00f6ntemsel Ku\u015fkusu<\/h2>\n

Felsefe a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Descartes\u2019in y\u00f6ntemsel ku\u015fkusu, Bacon\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcmevar\u0131msal bilim y\u00f6ntemiyle do\u011fay\u0131 fethederek elde edilen bilgi g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131; politika, y\u00f6netim ve devlet ba\u011flam\u0131nda Hobbes, Machiavelli; bilim tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Kopernik, Galileo ve Newton gibi isimlerin etkisiyle ak\u0131l ve bilim (deneysel bilimlerin do\u011fa bilimlerin ve yeni kozmos anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131) temelinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan t\u00fcm bu fikirlerin modernite kavram\u0131na y\u00f6n vererek onun etraf\u0131n\u0131 sard\u0131\u011f\u0131 savunulabilir. Entelekt\u00fcel birikim ve yay\u0131nlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan G\u00fctenberg\u2019in matbaay\u0131 icad\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclebilecek kadar eski olan modernite, bireysel veya psikolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan Freud ile ba\u015flayacak kadar da yak\u0131n olabilmektedir; toplumsal a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaysa Amerikan ve Frans\u0131z devrimleri (Ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda beslenen) akabinde g\u00f6r\u00fcnen iktidar\/y\u00f6netim ve \u00fcretim alan\u0131ndaki geli\u015fmeler dayana g\u00f6sterilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Modernitenin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ve toplumsal ba\u011flam\u0131m birlikte ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, bu kavram\u0131 tek bir boyutla a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n hatal\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn gibi ortadad\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden modernlik kuram\u0131n\u0131 bir yan\u0131yla zihinsel\/epistemolojik\/entelekt\u00fcel di\u011fer yan\u0131yla ekonomik\/sosyal\/ siyasal de\u011fi\u015fimi olu\u015fturan etkenlerin toplam\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmek daha do\u011fru olacakt\u0131r. Peki, nedir modernite ya da modernlik? Bu konuya \u00f6rnek birka\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f vermek gerekirse; ilk \u00f6nce Berman\u2019\u0131n tarihsel uzant\u0131s\u0131 ve anlam\u0131 bak\u0131mdan modernite ya da modernlik bak\u0131\u015f\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekicidir:<\/p>\n

Modernli\u011fin Tarihi<\/h3>\n

Modernli\u011fin tarihi gibi muazzam bir \u015feyin bir ucundan yakalayabilme umuduyla onu \u00fc\u00e7 evreye ay\u0131rd\u0131m: Kabaca 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na dek uzanan ilk evrede insanlar, modern hayat\u0131 alg\u0131lamaya yeni ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r; onlara neyin \u00e7arpm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu anlayamazlar hen\u00fcz. Umutsuzca, el yordam\u0131yla uygun s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri bulmak i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131n\u0131rlar; deneyim ve umutlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fabilecekleri modern bir kamu ya da camian\u0131n ne olabilece\u011fi konusunda pek fikirleri yoktur. \u0130kinci evremiz 1790\u2019lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck devrimci dalgas\u0131yla ba\u015flar. Frans\u0131z Devrimi ve onun etkileriyle b\u00fcy\u00fck, modern bir kamu, bir anda ve dramatik bir bi\u00e7imde do\u011fuverir. Bu kamu, devrimci bir \u00e7a\u011fda; ki\u015fisel, toplumsal ve siyasal ya\u015fam\u0131n her boyutunda alt\u00fcst olu\u015flar ve patlamalar do\u011furan bir \u00e7a\u011fda ya\u015f\u0131yor olma duygusunu payla\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n modern kamu alan\u0131, bir yandan da hi\u00e7 de modern olmayan d\u00fcnyalarda ya\u015faman\u0131n madden ve manen neye benzedi\u011fini hat\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r h\u00e2l\u00e2. Bu i\u00e7sel ikilik ayn\u0131 anda iki ayr\u0131 d\u00fcnyada ya\u015f\u0131yor olma hissini, modernle\u015fme ve modernizm d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini do\u011furur ve k\u00f6kle\u015ftirir. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve son evremizde, modernle\u015fme s\u00fcreci neredeyse t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 kaplayacak kadar yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; geli\u015fmekte olan modernist; d\u00fcnya k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc sanatta ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce alan\u0131nda g\u00f6z al\u0131c\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131lar sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Berman, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flayarak 20. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar geni\u015fletti\u011fi modernli\u011fin \u00fc\u00e7 evresi oldu\u011funu belirtir. Yukar\u0131da bu \u00fc\u00e7 evrenin g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi, ya\u015fam alan\u0131nda hem bireysel hem de toplumsal ba\u011flamda meydana gelen d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler mevcuttur. D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerin v\u00fccut buldu\u011fu, insan kimli\u011finin etkin oldu\u011fu eylemler ve bunlar\u0131n uzant\u0131lar\u0131nda geli\u015fen devlet ve hukuk gibi somut s\u00fcre\u00e7lerden bahsedilebilir.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 ba\u011flamda tarihi d\u00f6nemle\u015ftirmede Alain Touraine\u2019a ba\u015fvurdu\u011fumuzda, modernli\u011fin a\u015famalar\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ona g\u00f6re modernli\u011fin a\u015famalar\u0131 zamansal a\u00e7\u0131dan \u201cR\u00f6nesans\u2019tan sanayile\u015fmenin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece erken ya da klasik modernlik, sanayi devriminden 1970\u2019lere kadar olan d\u00f6nem orta modernlik, 70\u2019lerden sonraki d\u00f6nemi ise ge\u00e7 modernlik a\u015famas\u0131” olarak \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcme ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu a\u015famalar daha \u00e7ok kapitalizmin do\u011fu\u015fundaki mek\u00e2n\/ toprak ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki k\u00fcresel kapitalist ortam\u0131n mek\u00e2ns\u0131z ya da portatif ak\u0131\u015fkan bir mek\u00e2n anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini g\u00f6steren a\u015famalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu a\u015famalarda g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan \u00f6zellik, Frans\u0131z Devrimi s\u00fcreci ile hemen akabinde i\u015f\u00e7i emek hareketinin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihlerde, toplumsal \u00f6znenin do\u011fu\u015fudur. Bu \u00f6znenin ak\u0131l sahibi olmas\u0131yla akl\u0131 politik ekonomik alanda kullanmas\u0131, ilkin ki\u015fisel \u00f6zne olarak kendini g\u00f6stermesi ve sonu\u00e7ta \u00f6zne olan ki\u015filerin \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00f6znenin en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fidir.<\/p>\n

Modernlik<\/h3>\n

Touraine\u2019a g\u00f6re: Modernlik, salt de\u011fi\u015fim ya da olaylar silsilesi de de\u011fildir; ak\u0131lc\u0131, bilimsel, teknolojik ve idari etkinli\u011fin \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r… Modernlik fikri, toplumun merkezindeki Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yerine bilimi koyarak, dinsel inan\u00e7lara en iyi olas\u0131l\u0131kla ancak \u00f6zel ya\u015fam dahilinde bir yer b\u0131rak\u0131r. Modernlikle en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir bi\u00e7imde \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fti\u011fi anda Bat\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin \u00f6zelli\u011fi, ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa tan\u0131nan temel rolden daha geni\u015f bir fikre, ak\u0131lc\u0131 bir toplum fikrine ge\u00e7meyi istemi\u015f olmas\u0131nda yatar ve o ak\u0131lc\u0131 toplumda ak\u0131l yaln\u0131zca bilimsel ve teknik etkinli\u011fi y\u00f6netmekle kalmaz, insanlar\u0131n y\u00f6netimini ve nesnelerin y\u00f6netimini de elinde tutar. Modernlik fikri, s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ak\u0131lc\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma fikriyle ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Modernli\u011fin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze gelinceye kadar \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle modernli\u011fin mahiyetini belirleyen temel noktalar:<\/h4>\n
    \n
  1. Tekil insan ba\u011flam\u0131nda, ak\u0131l, \u00f6zne vurgusu;<\/li>\n
  2. Toplumsal i\u00e7erik ba\u011flam\u0131nda, sanayile\u015fme, kapitalizm, sosyalizm, imparatorluktan ulus devlete, engizisyondan (dinsel yarg\u0131lama) hukuka ge\u00e7i\u015f;<\/li>\n
  3. \u2018Kutsal\u2019 merkez aray\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Tanr\u0131 yerine ete kemi\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ve burada, d\u00fcnyada, olan insandan yola \u00e7\u0131karak \u2018insanl\u0131k\u2019;<\/li>\n
  4. \u0130nsan\u0131n kutsal mek\u00e2ndan kiliseden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p laboratuvar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131 ilerlemesi ya da ger\u00e7e\u011fi yakalamas\u0131 gibi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck, ba\u011flam\u0131nda anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi savunulabilir;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Ayn\u0131 paralelde modernite ve onula ilgili kavramsal uzant\u0131lar Kale\u2019nin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u00f6zetlenirse,<\/h4>\n
      \n
    1. y\u00fczy\u0131l Ayd\u0131nlanma D\u00f6nemi ile ba\u015flayan Ak\u0131l \u00c7a\u011f\u0131, modernizm (modern) kavram\u0131m g\u00fcndeme getirerek bu y\u00fczy\u0131ldan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek gelen \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n modern \u00e7a\u011flar olarak nitelenmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Modernizm ya da modern \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131 betimleyen temel olgular\/kavramlar \u015funlar olmu\u015ftur: Rasyonellik; akl\u0131n egemenli\u011fi, mant\u0131k, bilim sel\/evrensel do\u011frular, bilimsellik, algoritmik, sistematik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme, pozitivizm… \u201cModernin\u201d kelime anlam\u0131; \u00e7a\u011fc\u0131l, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f, yeni; asri olup \u201cmodernizm<\/a>\u201d de \u00e7a\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k; yenilik\u00e7ilik demektir. Modern terimin i\u00e7eri\u011fi her \u00e7a\u011fda her d\u00f6nemde \u2018yeni\u2019 olan \u015feylerle de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte eskiden yeniye ge\u00e7i\u015fi ifade etmekte.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Modernlik, bu anlamda ya\u015fanan durumu g\u00f6sterirken, ayn\u0131 zamanda modernlik kavram\u0131<\/strong> etraf\u0131nda \u015fekillenen modernle\u015fme, modernizm gibi topluma m\u00fcdahale edici veya toplumu yeniden olu\u015fturan ak\u0131mlar, eylemselli\u011fi yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumlar\u0131 bulundu\u011fu noktadan daha ileri bir d\u00fczeye g\u00f6t\u00fcrmeyi ama\u00e7layan modernlik fikri, Habermas a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u2018bitmemi\u015f bir proje\u2019 olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kesintisiz bir \u015fekilde devam ettirmektedir. Varsayal\u0131m ki modernlik fikri devam ediyor olsun, peki bu projenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 insan\u0131 daha iyi bir d\u00fcnya kurmaya g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f m\u00fcd\u00fcr ya da iyi bir d\u00fcnyaya h\u00e2l\u00e2 g\u00f6t\u00fcrme \u015fans\u0131 var m\u0131d\u0131r? Sorular\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirmi\u015ftir. Ortada h\u00e2l\u00e2 devam eden bir projenin \u00fcr\u00fcnleri olarak tamamlanmam\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (ama buna ra\u011fmen ideal aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n devam etmesi) m\u0131 dikkate almak gerekir yoksa bu projenin in\u015fas\u0131 (her zaman yar\u0131m bir in\u015fa alana) s\u0131ras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan trajik olaylar m\u0131 dikkate almak gerekir?<\/p>\n

      Modernlik \u0130nsan\u0131n Kendini kutsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bir D\u00f6nem Olarak G\u00f6r\u00fclmelidir<\/h4>\n

      \u0130\u015fte bunlar, tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 dalland\u0131ran ve i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmaz hale b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcren noktalard\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7ta modernlik insan\u0131n kendini kutsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmelidir. \u0130nan\u00e7lar ad\u0131na sava\u015fan insan, yerini rasyonel ve teknik donan\u0131ml\u0131 insana b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu insan\u0131n kendine yeni sava\u015flar \u00e7\u0131karma nedeni olarak g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi sek\u00fcler, d\u00fcnyal\u0131, yeni kutsallar\u0131n\u0131 (milliyet\u00e7ilik, demokrasi, sosyalizm vb.) buldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemdir. Modernlik, iyimser bir yorumla, insan\u0131n \u00f6znele\u015fmesi ve tarihine bir fail iken; k\u00f6t\u00fcmser bir yorumla insan\u0131n kendini \u2018kader\u2019den kurtar\u0131p, bu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n mek\u00e2nlar\u0131na zincirlemesidir. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f olman\u0131n g\u00f6stergesi, iyili\u011fi, \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bizden \u00f6ncekilerden daha fazla teknolojik geli\u015fme, ekonomik \u00e7o\u011falma ve entelekt\u00fcel birikime sahip olmaksa, elbette modernli\u011fin d\u00fcnyay\u0131 \u00e7ok daha iyiye g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iddia edilebilir. E\u011fer modernlik, do\u011fay\u0131, insan\u0131 ve toplumu yeniden tan\u0131mlarken ve de\u011fi\u015ftirirken do\u011fadan, insandan ve toplumdan eser kalmayacak bir hale getirmesi olarak ifade edilirse, \u015fu halde modernlik ve onun \u2018ilerleme\u2019 kavram\u0131, este tize edilmi\u015f ac\u0131lar ve \u00f6l\u00fcmler getirmesinden ba\u015fka bir birikim ortaya koymam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r denebilir.<\/p>\n

      \u0130nsan(l\u0131k)\u0131n tarihi, \u00e7eli\u015fkiler ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarla doludur, bir bak\u0131ma diyalektik s\u00fcre\u00e7 s\u00fcrekli yemlenmektedir. \u00c7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ve \u00e7eli\u015fkinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, insan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n enerjisidir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan \u2018modern zamanlar\u2019da, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n daha fazla alana yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Modernli\u011fin ikilikler olu\u015fturmadaki mahareti, modernli\u011fin kendini yenileyen bir enerjisi olarak g\u00f6sterebilir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n ayn\u0131 d\u00fczlemde modernite<\/strong> kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcketmi\u015f bir maden oca\u011f\u0131na da benzetilebilir. Eskiye gelene\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, onlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fc taraf\u0131na b\u0131rakan, y\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n, geride b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ya da kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n yerine ba\u015fka \u015feyler koymada maharetlidir. Buna istinaden:<\/p>\n

      \u201cModernlik, bir t\u00fcr makineye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen Kilise Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Tanr\u0131n\u0131n mahiyeti sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zememesi ve antik Yunandaki insan\u0131 Tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131ran \u2018\u0130nsan Tanr\u0131\u2019 fig\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yerine, Tanr\u0131y\u0131 insanla\u015ft\u0131ran \u2018Tanr\u0131 \u0130nsan\u2019 fig\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yerle\u015ftirmesi, insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr iradesini yok saymas\u0131 nedeniyle insan\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ontolojik g\u00fcvensizlik duygusunu epistemolojik g\u00fcvenlik alanlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fleterek insan\u0131n her \u015fey \u00fczerinde h\u00e2kimiyet kurmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an s\u00fcreci tetiklemi\u015f; papaz fig\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yerine \u00f6nce \u2018t\u00fcccar\u2019 fig\u00fcr\u00fc, daha sonra da \u2018m\u00fchendis\u2019 fig\u00fcr\u00fc yerle\u015fmi\u015f, b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n sonucunda modernlik bu kez sembolik olarak de\u011fil bilfiil makine ye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, insan\u0131n da, Tanr\u0131n\u0131n da, do\u011fan\u0131n da karikat\u00fcrle\u015fmesine, insan\u0131n da, do\u011fan\u0131n da, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n da gelece\u011finin tehlikeye girmesine yol a\u00e7an, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n, b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fcnya sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, k\u00fcresel bir kaosun ve katostrofun ya\u015fanmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

      Sonu\u00e7<\/h4>\n

      Sonu\u00e7ta d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ve toplumsal alanda bir\u00e7ok radikal de\u011fi\u015fimlerin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 son \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00f6rt y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k tarihte g\u00f6r\u00fcnen modernli\u011fe, olumlu veya olumsuz bakanlar olagelmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son d\u00f6nemlerinde olumsuz ele\u015ftiri yapanlar\u0131n, daha \u00e7ok \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Konuyu toparlay\u0131p ana hatlar\u0131yla ifade edersek, modernlik deyince:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Modernlik<\/strong>, akl\u0131n insan ya\u015fam\u0131nda \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karak, d\u00fczenleyici ve h\u00fck\u00fcm verici merkez haline gelmesidir.<\/li>\n
      2. Bilgi konusunda referanslar\u0131n bilime kayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bilimin her \u015feyi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r k\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na dair sek\u00fcler bir inanc\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n
      3. Modernlik, orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n teolojik tahayy\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc (dinsel cennet gelece\u011fi) b\u0131rak\u0131p, bu d\u00fcnyada insan\u0131n \u00f6znenin fail oldu\u011fu \u2018gelecek\u2019te bir yery\u00fcz\u00fc cenneti kurulaca\u011f\u0131na dair olan rasyonel bir pland\u0131r. (Bu anlamda: \u201cModernite ebediyeti de\u011fersizle\u015ftirdi: m\u00fckemmeliyet, bir \u00f6teki d\u00fcnyada de\u011fil, gelecekte yolculuk ediyordu, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz d\u00fcnyada.\u201d )<\/li>\n
      4. Aristokratik merkezli, imparator ve kral merkezli yap\u0131dan uzakla\u015f\u0131p, yerini toplumun di\u011fer \u00fcyelerinin de kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, ulus devlet (milliyet\u00e7ilik) ba\u011flam\u0131ndaki iktidar ve y\u00f6netimin yeniden dizayn\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n
      5. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin h\u0131zlanmas\u0131yla d\u00fcnyan\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni bir d\u00fcnya haritas\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n
      6. Feodal tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin giderek sanayi fabrika sahalar\u0131na yerini b\u0131rakmas\u0131, burjuvazi ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ikilili\u011finde yeni bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7tir.<\/li>\n
      7. Tanr\u0131n\u0131n yasalar\u0131 etraf\u0131nda hizaya sokulan kulun, vatanda\u015f olarak sek\u00fcler hukukun \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fitlik, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve adalet kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u2018kul hakk\u0131n\u0131n b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131p, \u2018insan haklar\u0131na dayand\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemdir,<\/li>\n
      8. Modernlik fikri projesi<\/strong>, insan\u0131n ilerleme perspektifi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, toplumun s\u00fcrekli bir in\u015fa s\u00fcreci olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesidir.<\/li>\n
      9. Modernlik, yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimlerin olumlu yanlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n (\u015fehirle\u015fme, bilimsel ilerleme, teknolojik konfor gibi), \u201cyeni s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n yabanc\u0131la\u015fma, anlams\u0131zl\u0131k, toplumsal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131d\u0131r. Modernlik, yeni olan\u0131n iyi oldu\u011fu savunusu olarak, yeni ya\u015fam deneyimlerinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesidir. “Modernite; benlik, sosyal ili\u015fkiler ve do\u011fan\u0131n, detayl\u0131 bir kontrol ve d\u00fczenleme program\u0131na tabi olmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren d\u00fcnyan\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyeti eti\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan; d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kontrol edildi\u011fi ve d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi geni\u015f bir rasyonalizasyon s\u00fcrecinin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, sosyal ve politik \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucudur. Modernizasyon projesi<\/strong> ise rasyonalitenin (ara\u00e7 sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkileri ba\u011flam\u0131nda) b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl \u00e7evreye empoze edilmesidir.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Modernite, Postmodernite ve Bauman<\/p>\n

        Mehmet E. \u015eim\u015fek<\/p>\n

        Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Modernlik ve Modernite Modernlik veya modernite (modernty ve modernite) Frans\u0131zca ve \u0130ngilizceden \u00e7evirilerine g\u00f6re kullan\u0131lmakta olup, bu kavramlar\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede \u00e7ok yak\u0131n hatta ayn\u0131 anlamda kullan\u0131lmakta oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Bu nedenle burada iki kavram\u0131 da her seferinde tek ba\u015f\u0131na kullansak da di\u011ferini de bir g\u00f6lge olarak yan\u0131nda tuttu\u011fumuzu belirtmek gerekir. Modern kavram\u0131ndan t\u00fcreyen kavram(lar), modern\u2019i bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5011,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[266],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5004","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sanat-felsefesi"],"yoast_head":"\nModernlik ve Modernite - Arthipo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Modernlik veya modernite (modernty ve modernite) Frans\u0131zca ve \u0130ngilizceden \u00e7evirilerine g\u00f6re kullan\u0131lmakta olup, bu kavramlar\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede \u00e7ok\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/artblog\/sanat-felsefesi\/modernlik-ve-modernite.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Modernlik ve Modernite - 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