{"id":13453,"date":"2021-09-20T01:47:23","date_gmt":"2021-09-19T22:47:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/artblog\/?p=13453"},"modified":"2021-09-26T21:22:30","modified_gmt":"2021-09-26T18:22:30","slug":"helenistik-antik-yunan-sanat-tarihi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/artblog\/sanat-tarihi\/helenistik-antik-yunan-sanat-tarihi.html","title":{"rendered":"Helenistik (Antik Yunan) Sanat Tarihi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Helenistik sanat tarihi Avrupa ve Anadolu topraklar\u0131nda bir \u00e7ok esere ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ak\u0131mlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, Helenistik (Antik Yunan) sanat tarihi Sokrates’ten Pisagor’a, matematikten felsefeye bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli insan\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Helenistik (Antik Yunan) Sanat Tarihi<\/h2>\n

Helenistik (Antik Yunan) sanat tarihi; M\u00d6 323’te B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender’in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle ba\u015flayan ve Yunan anakaras\u0131n\u0131n Romal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 M\u00d6 146 ‘a kadar sonlanan d\u00f6nemi kapsayan Eski Yunan sanat\u0131n\u0131 ifade eden d\u00f6nemdir. Klasik Yunan sanat\u0131 d\u00f6nemini takip eder. Bunu izleyen Greko-Romen sanat\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Helenistik e\u011filimlerin devam\u0131d\u0131r. Helenistik Terimi, \u0130skender’in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra onun fikirlerin yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve geni\u015flemesine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir. Helenistik D\u00fcnya kavram\u0131, Ege’nin her iki yakas\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan alan\u0131 yerine, klasik Yunanistan’\u0131n odaklanm\u0131\u015f \u015fehirleri Atina ve Sparta ile ayn\u0131 zamanda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kapsar. Sanatsal a\u00e7\u0131dan bu, kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in genellikle “Helenistik Sanat” ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131na konan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

Helenistik d\u00f6nemin belirleyici \u00f6zelliklerinden birisi de \u0130skender taraf\u0131ndan kurulan imparatolu\u011fun k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hanedan devletlerine b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi idi.<\/p>\n

\u0130skender’in \u00e7evresinde \u00fc\u00e7 sanat\u00e7\u0131 vard\u0131: heykelt\u0131ra\u015f Lysippus, ressam Apelles ve m\u00fccevher kesici ve oymac\u0131 Pyrgoteles.<\/p>\n

\u0130skender\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, Yunan zenginleri refah ve israf\u0131n tam ortas\u0131ndayd\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn zenginler harcamalar\u0131n\u0131 sanat ve estetik \u00fczerine yapmaktayd\u0131. Heykel, resim ve mimari geli\u015fti. Vazo boyaman\u0131n \u00f6nemi b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc. Metal i\u015fleri ve \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli l\u00fcks sanatlar \u00e7ok g\u00fczel eserler \u00fcretti. \u00d6yle ki baz\u0131 pop\u00fcler sanat t\u00fcrleri gittik\u00e7e karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131nda, Klasik Yunanistan’\u0131n Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Helenistik sanat\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6kmekte olan bir tarz olarak tasvir etme e\u011filimi vard\u0131r. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l Barok ve Rokoko terimleri bazen bu karma\u015f\u0131k ve bireysel d\u00f6nemin sanat\u0131na uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tarih\u00e7ili\u011fe olan ilginin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Vergina’n\u0131n mezarlar\u0131 gibi baz\u0131 yeni ke\u015fifler de d\u00f6nemin daha iyi de\u011ferlendirilmesini sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\n

Helenistik (Antik Yunan) Mimarisi<\/h3>\n

Mimari alanda, Hector’u takip eden hanedanlar, M\u00d6 5. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u015fehir devletlerinden kaybolan geni\u015f kentsel planlara ve b\u00fcy\u00fck komplekslere yol a\u00e7t\u0131. The Doric Temple \u015fehir modeli neredeyse terk edildi. Bu \u015fehir planlama Yunan d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a yenilik\u00e7iydi, hatalar\u0131 d\u00fczelterek mekan\u0131 manip\u00fcle etmek yerine, do\u011fal ortama uygun bina planlar\u0131 yapt\u0131lar. \u015eehir planlamalr\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle tiyatrolar\u0131n ve parklar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131 gibi bir\u00e7ok e\u011flence ve e\u011flence mekan\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Helenistik monar\u015filer, Dicle \u00fczerinde Antakya, Bergama ve Seleukya gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirler in\u015fa edebilecekleri geni\u015f alanlara sahip olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle bu a\u00e7\u0131dan avantajl\u0131yd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Akropol, Atina
Helenistik (Antik Yunan) Mimarisi, Helenistik (Antik Yunan) Sanat Tarihi<\/p><\/div>\n

Bu gigantism zaman\u0131yd\u0131: Ionia i\u00e7inde Milet (Didim\u2019e yirmi kilometre uzakl\u0131kta) Apollo’nun ikinci tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7indi. M\u00d6 d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda Milet \u015fehri Daphnis ve Efes \u015fehri<\/a> Paionios taraf\u0131ndan tasarland\u0131, ancak hi\u00e7 tamamlanmayan in\u015faat MS 2. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ancak bitirilebildi.<\/p>\n

Kutsal say\u0131lan bu alan, Akdeniz b\u00f6lgesinde \u015fimdiye kadar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en b\u00fcy\u00fcklerden biridir ve geni\u015f bir mahkemede yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011finde, zengin heykel \u00fcsleri ve ba\u015fkentleri olan 108 lyon s\u00fctundan olu\u015fan \u00e7ift s\u00fctunlu ile \u00e7evrilidir. Korint d\u00fczeni, Olimpiya Zeus Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 ile tam \u00f6l\u00e7ekli bir binada ilk kez kullan\u0131ld\u0131, bu tap\u0131nakta antik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yedi harikas\u0131ndan biri olan Zeus Heykeli<\/a> bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Olynthus<\/h4>\n

Antik Olynthus kenti, Klasik ve Helenistik d\u00fcnyalar aras\u0131nda ba\u011flant\u0131 kurman\u0131n mimari ve sanatsal kilit ta\u015flar\u0131ndan biriydi. Olynthus<\/a> \u015fehir b\u00f6lgesinde 100’den fazla ev bulundu. Ilgin\u00e7 bir \u015fekilde, evler ve di\u011fer mimari inan\u0131lmaz derecede iyi korunmu\u015ftur. Bu, evlerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen faaliyetleri ve evlerin i\u00e7indeki alan\u0131n nas\u0131l d\u00fczenlendi\u011fini ve kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 daha iyi anlamam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Olynthus’taki evler genellikle daha kare bi\u00e7imindeydi. \u0130stenen ev mutlaka b\u00fcy\u00fck veya abart\u0131l de\u011fil, olduk\u00e7a rahat ve pratikti. Bu, Helenistik d\u00f6nemde ve \u00f6tesinde Yunan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde son derece \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan bir medeniyet i\u015faretiydi. Uygar bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrmek, sa\u011flam bir ya\u015fam alan\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeyi i\u00e7eriyordu. Bu nedenle evlerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda tu\u011fla benzeri bir\u00e7ok malzeme kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Bu konutlar\u0131 in\u015fa etmek i\u00e7in genellikle ta\u015f, ah\u015fap, kerpi\u00e7 ve di\u011fer malzemeler kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Helenistik d\u00f6nemde giderek daha pop\u00fcler olan bir di\u011fer unsur da eve bir avlu eklemektir. Yunan evleri gizlilik d\u00fczeyini korumak i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan kapat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in avlular ev i\u00e7in bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Baz\u0131 sitelerinde pencereler bulundu, ancak genellikle yerden y\u00fcksek ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck. Gizlilik sorunu nedeniyle, bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi evde \u0131\u015f\u0131ktan \u00f6d\u00fcn vermek zorunda kald\u0131. Evin \u00f6zel alanlar\u0131 karanl\u0131k ve kapal\u0131, iyi ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f alanlar e\u011flenceli veya daha fazla kamu etkinli\u011fi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Avlular genellikle evin odak noktas\u0131yd\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ev i\u00e7in e\u011flenceli bir alan ve evin i\u00e7inden bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. En sik parke ta\u015flar\u0131 veya \u00e7ak\u0131l ta\u015flar\u0131yla d\u00f6\u015fenmi\u015ftir, ancak mozaikli avlular\u0131n ke\u015fifleri olmu\u015ftur. Mozaikler, ailenin ilgi ve inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmesinin harika bir yolunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra eve dekor eklemek ve g\u00f6rsel olarak daha \u00e7ekici hale getirmek i\u00e7in bir yoldu. Olynthus’taki evlere bu sanatsal dokunu\u015f, bu Helenistik topluma ba\u015fka bir uygar ya\u015fam unsurunu da getiriyor.<\/p>\n

Bergama, Helenistik (Antik Yunan) Sanat Tarihi<\/h3>\n

\u00d6zellikle Bergama, Helenistik mimarinin karakteristik bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Akropolde bulunan basit bir kaleden ba\u015flayarak, \u00e7e\u015fitli Attalid krallar\u0131 muazzam bir mimari kompleks kurdu. Binalar, arazinin do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 hesaba katmak i\u00e7in Akropolis \u00e7evresinde havaland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En al\u00e7ak terasta g\u00fcneyde bulunan agora, s\u00fctun s\u00fctunlar\u0131 (s\u00fctunlar) veya stoai i\u00e7eren galerilerle s\u0131n\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Akropol\u00fcn tamam\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7en bir soka\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r: kayan\u0131n do\u011fu ve tepesindeki idari, siyasi ve askeri binalan kutsal alanlardan bat\u0131ya, orta y\u00fckseklikte, aralar\u0131nda en belirgin olan\u0131 ay\u0131r\u0131r. An\u0131tsal Bergama Suna\u011f\u0131’n\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Yunan heykelinin ba\u015fyap\u0131tlar\u0131ndan biri olan “on iki tanr\u0131” veya “tanr\u0131lar\u0131n ve devlerin” olarak bilinir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 10.000 seyirci i\u00e7erebilen devasa bir tiyatronun, tepenin kenarlar\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc banklar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Bergama, Pergamon Helenistik (Antik Yunan) Sanat Tarihi<\/p><\/div>\n

Helenistik (Antik Yunan) Heykel Sanat\u0131<\/h3>\n

Old Pliny, klasik d\u00f6neme ait heykelleri tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitab\u0131 olan Cessavit deinde ars “sonra sanat ortadan kayboldu”, de\u011ferlendirmesine g\u00f6re, heykel 121. Olimpiyattan sonra (M.\u00d6. 296-293) \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azald\u0131. Bunu, bir durgunluk d\u00f6nemi izledi, 156’dan sonra (M.\u00d6. 156-153) k\u0131sa bir canlanma oldu, ancak \u00f6nceki zamanlar\u0131n standard\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u015fey kalmad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde heykel daha do\u011fal ve anlaml\u0131 hale geldi ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 duygular\u0131 tasvir etmeye ilgi vard\u0131. Helenistik sanat\u00e7\u0131, anatomik ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ili\u011fin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ac\u0131, uyku veya ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k gibi temalar da dahil olmak \u00fczere konusunun karakterini temsil etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. S\u0131radan insanlar, kad\u0131nlar, \u00e7ocuklar, hayvanlar ve evsel sahnelerin t\u00fcrleri, varl\u0131kl\u0131 aileler taraf\u0131ndan evlerinin ve bah\u00e7elerinin s\u00fcslenmesi i\u00e7in g\u00f6revlendirilen heykel i\u00e7in kabul edilebilir konular haline geldi.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Helenistik (Antik Yunan) Heykel Sanat\u0131 Mimarisi, Afrodit Heykeli<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n

Her ya\u015ftan erkek ve kad\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i portreleri \u00fcretildi ve heykeltra\u015flar, art\u0131k insanlar\u0131 g\u00fczellik veya fiziksel m\u00fckemmelli\u011fin idealleri olarak g\u00f6stermek zorunda hissetmediler. Ama nadiren tam boyutlu heykel, \u00f6nceki vazo boyama ve fig\u00fcrler tasvir edilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Sarho\u015f kad\u0131n Munich kendisini \u015farap kavanoz tutarak rezervasyonun ya\u015fl\u0131, ince, bitkin olmadan canland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle d\u00f6nem portreleriyle dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir. Bunlardan biri, rahat bir duru\u015f ve endi\u015feli bir y\u00fczle, belki de kabuslar\u0131n av\u0131 olan bir uyku satirini temsil eden M\u00fcnich’in Barberini Faun’udur.<\/p>\n

Bir di\u011fer \u00fcnl\u00fc Helenistik portre, Polyeuktos’un Demosthenes’idir, iyi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir y\u00fcze ve sil alm\u0131\u015f ellere sahiptir. Hellenistik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n bir ba\u015fka fenomeni olan \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme heykelinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu teknikte dekoratif heykeldeki eski kamusal kal\u0131plar\u0131n tekrarlanmas\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Portre, Roma sanat\u0131n\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131nda nat\u00fcralizmle doludur. Yeni Helenistik \u015fehirler, tap\u0131naklar\u0131 ve halka a\u00e7\u0131k yerleri i\u00e7in Yunanistan’\u0131n tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ve kahramanlar\u0131n\u0131 tasvir eden heykeller gerektiren M\u0131s\u0131r, Suriye ve Anadolu’nun her yerine yay\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. Helenistik d\u00f6neme ait bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli eser \u0130stanbul Arkeoloji M\u00fczesi<\/a>‘nde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bu, sonu\u00e7 olarak standardizasyon ve baz\u0131 kalite d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fleriyle seramik, bir end\u00fcstri gibi heykel yapt\u0131. Bu nedenlerle Klasik d\u00f6nemdekinden daha fazla Helenistik heykel hayatta kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci Klasisizm D\u00f6nemi<\/h3>\n

Helenistik heykel “ikinci klasisizm” in yeniliklerini tekrarlar. Bu turun i\u00e7indeki \u00e7\u0131plak heykel, heykelin her a\u00e7\u0131dan hayran olmas\u0131na izin verirken \u00f6rt\u00fc ve giysilerin \u015feffafl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n etkileri ve pozlar\u0131n esnekli\u011fi ile g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015fti. B\u00f6ylece Venus de Milo, klasik bir model yank\u0131lan\u0131rken bile, kal\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fck\u00fclmesiyle ay\u0131rt edilir.<\/p>\n

Barok<\/h3>\n

\u00c7ok fig\u00fcrl\u00fc heykel grubu, muhtemelen 3. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan kalma, daha \u00f6nceki tap\u0131nak al\u0131nl\u0131k r\u00f6lyeflerinin destans\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 duvarlar\u0131ndan alarak ve onlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ek boyutlu heykel gruplar\u0131 olarak yerle\u015ftiren Helenistik bir yenilikti. Onlar\u0131n tarz\u0131 genellikle, abart\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde b\u00fck\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f v\u00fccut pozlar\u0131 ve y\u00fczlerde yo\u011fun ifadeler kullan\u0131lan ” barok” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Helenistik (Antik Yunan) Sanat Tarihi Makale.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Helenistik sanat tarihi Avrupa ve Anadolu topraklar\u0131nda bir \u00e7ok esere ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ak\u0131mlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, Helenistik (Antik Yunan) sanat tarihi Sokrates’ten Pisagor’a, matematikten felsefeye bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli insan\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrd\u00fcr. Helenistik (Antik Yunan) Sanat Tarihi Helenistik (Antik Yunan) sanat tarihi; M\u00d6 323’te B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender’in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle ba\u015flayan ve Yunan anakaras\u0131n\u0131n Romal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 M\u00d6 146 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13462,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[124],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13453","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sanat-tarihi"],"yoast_head":"\nHelenistik (Antik Yunan) Sanat Tarihi - Arthipo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Helenistik (Antik Yunan) Sanat Tarihi Mimarisi Olynthus Bergama Heykel \u0130kinci Klasisizm D\u00f6nemi barok Klasik Yunan sanat\u0131 nedir \u00f6zellikleri\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/artblog\/sanat-tarihi\/helenistik-antik-yunan-sanat-tarihi.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Helenistik (Antik Yunan) Sanat Tarihi - 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