{"id":13429,"date":"2021-09-20T00:16:01","date_gmt":"2021-09-19T21:16:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/artblog\/?p=13429"},"modified":"2022-02-20T15:46:03","modified_gmt":"2022-02-20T12:46:03","slug":"antik-roma-sanati-mimarisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/artblog\/sanat-tarihi\/antik-roma-sanati-mimarisi.html","title":{"rendered":"Antik Roma Sanat\u0131, Mimarisi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Erken d\u00f6nemin sanattan siyasete k\u00fcresel g\u00fcc\u00fc Roma Devleti: Antik Roma sanat\u0131, mimarisi, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu sanat ve mimari faaliyetler konusu makalenin temel konusudur.<\/p>\n

Roma sanat\u0131, Antik Roma ve Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu topraklar\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan g\u00f6rsel sanatlar\u0131, mimariyi, resmi, heykeli ve mozaik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile metal i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fini, m\u00fccevher grav\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, fildi\u015fi oymalar\u0131 ve cama i\u015flenen l\u00fcks nesneleri i\u00e7erir. Buna ra\u011fmen Romal\u0131lar i\u00e7in heykel, en y\u00fcksek sanat bi\u00e7imi olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Roma Sanat\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri<\/h3>\n

Roma sanat\u0131 ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i anlat\u0131m bi\u00e7imini Etr\u00fcsk sanat tarz\u0131ndan, ideal g\u00fczellik anlat\u0131m bi\u00e7imini Helenistik sanat tarz\u0131ndan alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Roma sanat\u0131 bu iki k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fcst bir sentezi say\u0131labilir. Mimaride kemer ve tonoz kullan\u0131m\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Heykelde ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i temsillere yer verilmi\u015fitir. Roma resim sanat\u0131nda ise detay, renk ve hassasiyet \u00f6zelliklerine sahiptir.<\/p>\n

Antik Roma Sanat\u0131<\/h3>\n

Romal\u0131lar, sanat\u0131 son derece geli\u015fmi\u015f olan Etr\u00fcsklerin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel birikiminden yararland\u0131lar ve hayran olduklar\u0131 Yunan estetik standartlar\u0131ndan etkilenmi\u015flerdi. Romal\u0131lar Yunanistan’\u0131 fethettiklerinde sanatlar\u0131na hayran kald\u0131lar ve Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131 taklit etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Romal\u0131lar i\u00e7in seramik<\/a> e\u015fyalar l\u00fcks bir \u00fcr\u00fcn olarak kabul edilmiyordu. Terra Sigillata’daki \u00fcretim sonras\u0131 nihai i\u015flem olarak kabartmalarla s\u00fcslenen seramikler, uygun fiyatl\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle toplumun b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131c\u0131 buluyordu. Roma sikkeleri \u00f6nemli bir ileti\u015fim arac\u0131yd\u0131 ve bir\u00e7o\u011fu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar geldi. Bu d\u00f6nem sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n geleneksel olarak, Yunan \u00f6rneklerini kopyalam\u0131\u015f olsalar da, yap\u0131lan son \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, Roma sanat\u0131n\u0131n da son derece yarat\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Romal\u0131lar, A\u011f\u0131r Yunan modellerine dayanan ve ayn\u0131 zamanda Etr\u00fcsk<\/a>, yerli \u0130talik ve hatta M\u0131s\u0131r g\u00f6rsel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de kapsayan motiflerle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir sanat ekol\u00fc olu\u015fturmu\u015fturlar. Stilistik eklektizm ve pratik uygulama, bir\u00e7ok Roma sanat\u0131n\u0131n ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zellikleri aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemin sanatla ilgili en \u00f6nemli tarih\u00e7isi olan Pliny, neredeyse t\u00fcm sanat bi\u00e7imlerinin heykel, manzara, portre resmi oldu\u011funu ve Yunan sanat\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 durumlarda Modern Roma’dan daha geli\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Antik Roma Heykel Sanat\u0131<\/h3>\n

\u00dcsk\u00fcp, Praxiteles, Phidias ve Lysippos<\/a>‘ta en \u00f6nde gelen heykelt\u0131ra\u015flar\u0131 vard\u0131. Heykel sanat\u0131 Yunanistan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fehirlerinden ya\u015fayan heykeltra\u015flar\u0131n Roma’ya gelmesi ve heykel sanat\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u00f6\u011frenilmesi ile Yunan tarz\u0131 heykel geli\u015fimi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Roma heykeltra\u015flar\u0131, kopya ettikleri Yunan sanat\u0131n\u0131 i\u015flerken, Helenistik heykel kalitesinden \u00f6d\u00fcn vermemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Romal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan sanat formlar\u0131n\u0131n ve y\u00f6ntemlerinin \u00e7o\u011fu y\u00fcksek ve al\u00e7ak kabartma, ayakl\u0131 heykel, bronz dok\u00fcm, mozaik, madeni para, g\u00fczel m\u00fccevher ve metal isleri, mezar heykeli, perspektif \u00e7izimi, karikat\u00fcr, portre resim, mimari heykel, hepsi Antik Yunan sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f veya rafine edilmi\u015ftir. Bu duruma tek istisna, omuzlar\u0131 i\u00e7ermeyen Roma b\u00fcst\u00fcd\u00fcr.
\nGeleneksel ba\u015f ve omuz b\u00fcst\u00fc, Etr\u00fcsk bir hayvan kurban\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131, mermer, mimari kabartma par\u00e7as\u0131, MS 2. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011fi; Roma, \u0130talya veya erken bir Roma formu olabilir. K\u0131smen Roma \u015fehirlerinin g\u00fc\u00e7 ve n\u00fcfus bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Yunan \u015fehir devletlerinden \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131 ve genellikle daha az ta\u015fra olmas\u0131 nedeniyle Antik Roma’daki sanat daha geni\u015f ve bazen daha faydac\u0131 bir ama\u00e7 ald\u0131. Roma k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc bir\u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc \u00f6z\u00fcmsedi.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Bir kad\u0131n fig\u00fcr\u00fcne yaslanm\u0131\u015f Dionysos heykeli
Antik Roma Heykel Sanat\u0131, Mimarisi, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Sanat ve Mimari Faaliyetler<\/p><\/div>\n

Roma sanat\u0131, \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda hizmete al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, sergilenmi\u015f, sahiplenilmi\u015f ve Yunan zamanlar\u0131ndan daha fazla kullan\u0131ma uyarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zengin Romal\u0131lar daha materyalistti; duvarlar\u0131n\u0131 sanatla, evlerini dekoratif objelerle ve kendilerini g\u00fczel m\u00fccevherlerle s\u00fcslerlerdi. Ge\u00e7 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun Hristiyan d\u00f6nemi olan MS 350 ila 500 aras\u0131nda, duvar resmi, mozaik tavan ve zemin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, hamamlar<\/a>, mezar heykeli geli\u015firken, b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla dini nedenlerden dolay\u0131 yuvarlak ve panel resmindeki cam boyal\u0131 heykellerin yap\u0131m\u0131 durdu. Vatikan M\u00fczeleri<\/a>‘nde bir \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli sanat eseri g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 Roma’n\u0131n iyice prestijini ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetmesiyle beraber bir\u00e7ok heykeltra\u015f, ressam ve sanat\u00e7\u0131 do\u011fu Roma’n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Konstantin’e ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Bu sanaatkar ve zanaatkarlar\u0131n en bilinen i\u015fi Konstantin\u2019de yap\u0131lan Ayasofya Kilisesinin ve Ravenne’da bulunan San Vitale Bazilikas\u0131n\u0131n mozaiklerin \u0130mparator Konstantin emriyle yap\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Antik Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Mimarisi<\/h3>\n

Mimarl\u0131k, Romal\u0131lar\u0131n sanatsal ifadelerinin en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyd\u00fc. \u0130\u00e7inde en \u00e7ok \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6zellik yay kullan\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Roma heykelleri ise esasen orijinal Yunan heykellerinin kopyalar\u0131d\u0131r. Onlarda ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ilik \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6zelliktir. D\u00f6rt stile ayr\u0131lan Roma resmi, bazen duvarlar\u0131n rengiyle, bazen de yan\u0131lsama veya ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n zenginli\u011fiyle karakterize edilir. Bir Roma amfi tiyatrosu olan\u00a0Colosseum, g\u00f6sterileri izlemek i\u00e7in 40.000’den fazla insan\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rlad\u0131. Roma mimarisinde portallar, su kemerleri, binalar, an\u0131tlar ve tap\u0131naklar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar. Yap\u0131larda kemer ve tonoz kullan\u0131m\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi pratiklik ve yenilikle in\u015fa edildi. 1900 y\u0131l sonra R\u00f6nesans sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan, hemen hemen her sanatsal teknik ve y\u00f6ntem, Antik Yunan sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 ilham al\u0131narak geli\u015ftirildi. Yunan sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n toplumlar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck sayg\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri yerde, \u00e7o\u011fu Roma sanat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 anonimdi ve esnaf olarak kabul edildi. Antik Yunanistan’da oldu\u011fu gibi, Roma sanat\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck ustalar\u0131n\u0131n kayd\u0131 ve neredeyse imzal\u0131 eserleri de yoktur. Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck sanat\u0131n estetik niteliklerine tapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sanatsal teori \u00fczerine kapsaml\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde, Roma sanat\u0131 daha dekoratif ve stat\u00fc ve zenginli\u011fin g\u00f6stergesiydi.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Antik Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Mimarisi<\/p><\/div>\n

Roma resmine ait \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve eserlerden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze sadece \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131na yak\u0131n zamanda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olanlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda pek bir \u015fey kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En iyi bilinen ve en \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, Pompeii, Herculaneum ve yak\u0131n yerlerde bulunan zengin ailelerin duvarlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcsleyen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalard\u0131r. MS 79 senesinde Vez\u00fcv Yanarda\u011f\u0131n\u0131n patlamas\u0131 ile beraber k\u00fcl ve t\u00fcf y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda kalan bu resimler g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar korunmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca MS 3. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flayarak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar, yakla\u015f\u0131k 400 kadar kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Roma Yeralt\u0131 Mezarlar\u0131ndan kalma b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tablo bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu eserde, Pompei’de anlat\u0131lan sosyal ya\u015famdan daha m\u00fctevaz\u0131 bir ya\u015fam resmedilmi\u015fti. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Neron’un imparatorluk saray\u0131 duvarlar\u0131ndan alanlar, Domus Aurea Ma\u011fara resimleri, M\u0131s\u0131r Romas\u0131nda bulunan kayum nova potreleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda say\u0131lacak pek bir \u00f6rnek kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Roma Forumu<\/a>, Roma Devletinin mimari anlay\u0131\u015fla ilgili bir \u00e7ok tipi \u00f6rne\u011fi i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n

Pompei \u015fehrinde bir boyama 4. ve 5. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Roma’ya ithal edilen Yunan resimlerinden veya \u0130talya’da o d\u00f6nemde yap\u0131lan ah\u015fap \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan resimlerden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze bir \u015fey kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zetle, yakla\u015f\u0131k 900 y\u0131ll\u0131k Roma tarihinde dekoratif resim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sadece 200 y\u0131l ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Roma D\u00f6neminde, duvar resimlerinin \u00e7o\u011fu secco “kurutma” y\u00f6ntemi kullan\u0131larak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da mozaik kullan\u0131lan baz\u0131 fresk resimleri de vard\u0131r. Antik Roma Sanat\u0131, Mimarisi, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Sanat ve Mimari Faaliyetler.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Erken d\u00f6nemin sanattan siyasete k\u00fcresel g\u00fcc\u00fc Roma Devleti: Antik Roma sanat\u0131, mimarisi, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu sanat ve mimari faaliyetler konusu makalenin temel konusudur. Roma sanat\u0131, Antik Roma ve Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu topraklar\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan g\u00f6rsel sanatlar\u0131, mimariyi, resmi, heykeli ve mozaik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile metal i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fini, m\u00fccevher grav\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, fildi\u015fi oymalar\u0131 ve cama i\u015flenen l\u00fcks nesneleri i\u00e7erir. Buna ra\u011fmen […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13438,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[124],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13429","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sanat-tarihi"],"yoast_head":"\nAntik Roma Sanat\u0131, Mimarisi - Arthipo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Antik Roma Sanat\u0131, Mimarisi, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Sanat ve Mimari Faaliyetler Heykel resim tablo \u00f6zellikleri mozaik fresk metal i\u015fleri\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/artblog\/sanat-tarihi\/antik-roma-sanati-mimarisi.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Antik Roma Sanat\u0131, Mimarisi - 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