{"id":13108,"date":"2021-09-16T01:45:12","date_gmt":"2021-09-15T22:45:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/artblog\/?p=13108"},"modified":"2021-09-16T01:45:12","modified_gmt":"2021-09-15T22:45:12","slug":"sumerler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/artblog\/sanat-tarihi\/sumerler.html","title":{"rendered":"S\u00fcmerler"},"content":{"rendered":"

S\u00fcmerler<\/h2>\n

S\u00fcmerler d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en eski uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bug\u00fcn Irak’\u0131n Mezopotamya<\/a> b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fad\u0131lar. S\u00fcmer uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, M\u00d6 5300’lerden ba\u015flayarak \u00fc\u00e7 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k bir d\u00f6nemi kaps\u0131yordu. Eridu ve Larsa gibi erken \u015fehirler, y\u0131l boyunca tar\u0131m etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fcyordu. S\u00fcmerler, tekerlek ve yaz\u0131 gibi \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 bulu\u015flar\u0131 icat ettiler. Medeniyetleri de kendi \u00f6zg\u00fcn sanatlar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

Bir\u00e7ok eski k\u00fclt\u00fcr gibi, S\u00fcmerler de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde dini inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tan bir sanat geli\u015ftirdiler. Baz\u0131 sanatsal arkeolojik buluntular, b\u00f6lgenin flora ve faunas\u0131n\u0131 tasvir etmektedir. S\u00fcmer sanat\u0131n\u0131n tercih etti\u011fi ortam, b\u00f6lgede bol miktarda bulunan kildi, ancak ta\u015ftan heykeller de g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Heykellerinin \u00e7o\u011fu, di\u011fer Mezopotamya uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n heykellerine benzemeyen, d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde yuvarlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f unsurlar\u0131 tasvir ediyordu. \u00c7o\u011fu zaman sanat\u00e7\u0131 dekorasyonu, \u00e7\u00f6mlek\u00e7ilik, silahlar ve hatta \u00e7iftlik aletleri gibi i\u015flevsel \u00f6\u011feleri s\u00fcsl\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcmerler’de Sanat<\/h3>\n

Resim ve heykel, S\u00fcmerler i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli sanat ortamlar\u0131yd\u0131. S\u00fcmer zanaatk\u00e2rlar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerine ta\u015f ve ah\u015fap gibi baz\u0131 malzemeleri ithal etmek zorunda kald\u0131, ancak ticaret b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e medeniyet i\u00e7in kesinlikle \u00f6nemliydi. Sanat\u00e7\u0131lar ayr\u0131ca \u00f6nemli ibadet veya devlet nesneleri i\u00e7in lapis lazuli ve kabuk gibi daha de\u011ferli malzemeleri tercih ettiler. S\u00fcmer sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen en uzun heykellerin \u00e7o\u011fu, do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi dinseldi ve genellikle tapt\u0131klar\u0131 ve onlara m\u00fcreffeh hasatlar, bereket ve d\u00fc\u015fmanlardan korunma sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 umduklar\u0131 kad\u0131n ana tanr\u0131\u00e7a fig\u00fcrlerini tasvir ediyordu. S\u00fcmer fig\u00fcr heykelleri, yuvarlak y\u00fczlere hakim olan iri g\u00f6zleriyle dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. Bu heykellerin g\u00f6vdeleri basit silindirik \u015fekillere oyulma e\u011filimindedir.<\/p>\n

\"\"

S\u00fcmerler’de Sanat<\/p><\/div>\n

Babil, Ur, Kish, Lagash ve Uruk \u015fehirlerinden S\u00fcmer sanat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00f6rnekleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Medeniyet ya\u015fland\u0131k\u00e7a, Uruk’ta bulunan ve Warka Lady (M\u00d6 3200) olarak bilinen kad\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131 gibi \u00fcnl\u00fc eserler taraf\u0131ndan kan\u0131tland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere sanat\u0131 daha da karma\u015f\u0131k hale geldi. S\u00fcmer’in sanatsal zirvesine tarihlenen di\u011fer \u00f6nemli buluntular aras\u0131nda mozaik y\u00fckl\u00fc bir ah\u015fap arp, de\u011ferli malzemelerle i\u015flenmi\u015f ah\u015fap bir oyun tahtas\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli erkek ve kad\u0131n b\u00fcstleri say\u0131labilir. Heykellerin bir\u00e7o\u011funda tipik bakan g\u00f6zler, s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131k eller, sakallar, uzun sa\u00e7lar ve pilili etek bulunur.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcmer Mimarisi<\/h3>\n

S\u00fcmerler mimarileriyle de tan\u0131n\u0131rlar ve en \u00f6nemlisi piramidal yap\u0131lar olan<\/p>\n

tap\u0131naklar\u0131. S\u00fcmerler ayr\u0131ca ki\u015fisel imzalar olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan m\u00fccevherler ve zengin oymal\u0131 silindir m\u00fch\u00fcrler \u00fcrettiler. Arkeologlara g\u00f6re resmin \u00e7o\u011fu fresk \u015feklindeydi ve hem tap\u0131naklar\u0131 hem de saraylar\u0131 s\u00fcsl\u00fcyordu. S\u00fcmer sanat\u0131, daha sonraki Mezopotamya k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin sanat\u0131n\u0131 etkiledi. S\u00fcmer tarz\u0131, Semitik halklar\u0131n b\u00f6lge d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan i\u015fgaliyle azald\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"

S\u00fcmer Mimarisi, Ziggurat<\/p><\/div>\n

S\u00fcmerler Heykel \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/h3>\n

S\u00fcmer heykelcili\u011finin genel \u00f6zelli\u011finin \u00f6tesinde, Erken Hanedan d\u00f6neminin orta ve ge\u00e7 alt b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde birbirini izleyen iki stil ay\u0131rt edildi. Irak’taki Tall al-Asmar’dan (eski Eshnunna) \u00e7ok dikkate de\u011fer bir fig\u00fcr grubu, bu evrelerin ilkinden kalma, ustaca ve estetik a\u00e7\u0131dan kabul edilebilir formlar\u0131n geometrik bir sadele\u015ftirmesini g\u00f6steriyor. Di\u011fer yandan, ikinci a\u015faman\u0131n karakteristik \u00f6zelli\u011fi olan heykeller<\/a>, teknik olarak daha yetkin bir \u015fekilde oyulmu\u015f olsalar da bazen a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 h\u0131rsl\u0131 olan nat\u00fcralizme \u00f6zlemler g\u00f6sterirler. Bu ikinci tarzda, baz\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131 ara s\u0131ra portre yapma giri\u015fimlerinin kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlar. Yine de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck varyasyonlara ra\u011fmen, t\u00fcm bu rakamlar S\u00fcmer fizyonomisinin geleneksel \u00f6zelliklerini sunman\u0131n tek form\u00fcl\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. K\u00f6kenleri g\u00fcneydeki S\u00fcmer \u015fehirleriyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Ta\u015ftan mahrum kalan S\u00fcmer heykelt\u0131ra\u015flar\u0131 alternatif malzemelerden yararland\u0131. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 cire perdue (kay\u0131p balmumu) s\u00fcreci hakk\u0131nda bilgi veren ince metal d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00f6rnekleri bulunmu\u015ftur ve yar\u0131 yar\u0131dan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bak\u0131r heykellerin var oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Bununla birlikte, metal i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011finde, S\u00fcmer sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n marifetleri, belki de en iyi \u015fekilde, kompozit fig\u00fcrlerin icad\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Ur: alt\u0131nla kapl\u0131 tahta veya bit\u00fcmden olu\u015fan ve lapis lazuli sakal\u0131 takan bir arp\u0131 s\u00fcsleyen bir bo\u011fa ba\u015f\u0131; alt\u0131n ve lapis i\u00e7inde, alt\u0131n bir a\u011fa\u00e7 taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen bir ke\u00e7i; saray kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n bile\u015fik ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 veya daha basit\u00e7e, elektrumda (do\u011fal bir sar\u0131 alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131) d\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve bir bronz dizgin halkas\u0131na monte edilmi\u015f minyat\u00fcr vah\u015fi e\u015fek fig\u00fcr\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\"\"

S\u00fcmerler Heykel \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/p><\/div>\n

Ah\u015fap nesnelerin kakmas\u0131 ve zenginle\u015ftirilmesi, Ur’dan gelen s\u00f6zde standart veya \u00e7ift tarafl\u0131 panelde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilece\u011fi gibi, \u00fczerinde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f ve sava\u015f sahnelerinin ince bir kabuk ve yar\u0131 de\u011ferli kakma ile tasvir edildi\u011fi bu d\u00f6nemde zirveye ula\u015f\u0131r. Bir S\u00fcmer prensine ait olan me\u015fhur alt\u0131n peruk-mi\u011fferinde ve silahlarda, aletlerde ve mutfak e\u015fyalar\u0131nda metal i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011finin incelikli oldu\u011fu da a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Konular\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan \u015fey, S\u00fcmer mitolojisinin ve dini rit\u00fcelin karma\u015f\u0131k tasviridir. Halen sadece k\u0131smen anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, do\u011frusal tasar\u0131mlara yetenekli adaptasyonlar\u0131 en az\u0131ndan kolayca takdir edilebilir. En iyi silindir contalardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 Protoliterate d\u00f6neminden kalmad\u0131r. \u0130lk Erken Hanedan d\u00f6nemindeki hafif bir bozulmadan sonra, brokar desenleri veya ko\u015fan hayvan dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n tercih edildi\u011fi zaman, efsanevi sahneler geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Baz\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan S\u00fcmer destan\u0131 G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f ile ili\u015fkilendirilen vah\u015fi hayvanlar ve koruyucu yar\u0131 tanr\u0131lar veya melez fig\u00fcrler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar tasvir edilmi\u015ftir. Canland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f motiflerin monotonlu\u011fu, bazen bir yaz\u0131t\u0131n eklenmesiyle giderilir.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcmer R\u00f6lyef ve Kabartmalar<\/h3>\n

Ta\u015fa oyma r\u00f6lyef, S\u00fcmerler aras\u0131nda pop\u00fcler bir ifade arac\u0131d\u0131r ve ilk olarak Protoliterat zamanlar\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a kaba bir bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Erken Hanedan d\u00f6neminin son a\u015famas\u0131nda, tarz\u0131 geleneksel hale geldi. Kabartma heykelin en yayg\u0131n bi\u00e7imi ta\u015ft\u0131. Bir tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n duvarlar\u0131na tutturmak i\u00e7in ortada delinmi\u015f veya daha fazla kare olan plakalar, sahneler birka\u00e7 kay\u0131tta (yatay s\u0131ralar) tasvir edilmi\u015ftir. Konular genellikle bayramlar veya in\u015faat faaliyetleri gibi belirli olaylar\u0131 an\u0131msat\u0131yor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir, ancak temsil olduk\u00e7a standartla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece 800 km’ye kadar olan yerlerde neredeyse ayn\u0131 plakalar bulunmu\u015ftur. Daha h\u0131rsl\u0131 hat\u0131ralar\u0131n par\u00e7alar\u0131 steller de ele ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir; Telloh, Irak’tan Akbabalar Steli (eski Lagash), bir \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n

O halde an\u0131s\u0131na askeri bir zafer, dini bir i\u00e7eri\u011fe sahiptir. En \u00f6nemli fig\u00fcr, kral\u0131nki yerine b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle vurgulanan bir koruyucu tanr\u0131d\u0131r. Fig\u00fcrlerin bi\u00e7imsel olarak toplu hale getirilmesi, tasar\u0131mda ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir ve araba atlar\u0131 gibi \u00f6zde\u015f fig\u00fcrleri \u00e7o\u011faltmak i\u00e7in bir form\u00fcl geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.Biraz farkl\u0131 bir kategoride, Silindir contalar \u015fu anda \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Daha tan\u0131d\u0131k damga m\u00fch\u00fcr ile ayn\u0131 ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ve ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde negatif (\u00e7ukur bask\u0131) oyulmu\u015f, silindir \u015feklindeki conta, \u00fczerinde kabartma bir izlenim b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131slak kil \u00fczerine yuvarland\u0131. \u00c7e\u015fitli ta\u015flara veya kabuklara \u00f6zenle oyulmu\u015f minyat\u00fcr tasar\u0131ml\u0131 silindir m\u00fch\u00fcrler, S\u00fcmer sanat\u0131n\u0131n en y\u00fcksek bi\u00e7imlerinden biri olarak s\u0131ralanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"

S\u00fcmer R\u00f6lyef ve Kabartmalar, \u00c7ivi Yaz\u0131s\u0131<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

S\u00fcmerler S\u00fcmerler d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en eski uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bug\u00fcn Irak’\u0131n Mezopotamya b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fad\u0131lar. S\u00fcmer uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, M\u00d6 5300’lerden ba\u015flayarak \u00fc\u00e7 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k bir d\u00f6nemi kaps\u0131yordu. Eridu ve Larsa gibi erken \u015fehirler, y\u0131l boyunca tar\u0131m etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fcyordu. S\u00fcmerler, tekerlek ve yaz\u0131 gibi \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 bulu\u015flar\u0131 icat ettiler. Medeniyetleri de kendi \u00f6zg\u00fcn sanatlar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi. Bir\u00e7ok eski k\u00fclt\u00fcr gibi, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13112,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[124],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13108","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sanat-tarihi"],"yoast_head":"\nS\u00fcmerler - Arthipo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"S\u00fcmerler S\u00fcmerler'de Sanat S\u00fcmer R\u00f6lyef ve Kabartmalar Heykel \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Mimarisi Mezopotamya b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fad\u0131lar. 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