{"id":13041,"date":"2021-09-15T19:10:35","date_gmt":"2021-09-15T16:10:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/artblog\/?p=13041"},"modified":"2021-09-15T19:10:35","modified_gmt":"2021-09-15T16:10:35","slug":"illustrasyon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/artblog\/sanat-tarihi\/illustrasyon.html","title":{"rendered":"\u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon \u00e7izimlerinin tarihi geli\u015fimi ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kullan\u0131m\u0131 yaz\u0131n\u0131n temel konusudur.<\/p>\n

\u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon Nedir, Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi<\/h2>\n

Tarih boyunca insanl\u0131k \u00f6yk\u00fc anlatmak i\u00e7in anlat\u0131 imgeleri kulland\u0131. Kaydedilen en eski ill\u00fcstrasyonlar, Fransa, Lascaux’da yakla\u015f\u0131k M\u00d6 15.000’de yarat\u0131lan ma\u011fara resimlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler, \u00f6nemli olaylar\u0131 detayland\u0131ran arka arkaya resimli temsiller veya logogramlar i\u00e7eriyordu. Yunanistan ve \u0130talya’n\u0131n eski uygarl\u0131klar\u0131nda sanat, tanr\u0131lar\u0131, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri onurland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in geli\u015fti. Kahramanlar\u0131n ve festivallerin, mitolojik masallar\u0131n ve edebiyat\u0131n, cenaze sahnelerinin ve spor etkinliklerinin resimleri t\u00f6rensel kaplara \u00e7izildi ve kaz\u0131nd\u0131. Zengin ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fclerin evlerini s\u00fcslemek i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 duvar resimleri ve yer mozaikleri olu\u015fturuldu.<\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 ill\u00fcstrasyon tarih\u00e7ileri, uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ve e\u011fitimciler ekibi taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan \u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon Tarihi, tarih \u00f6ncesinden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc olu\u015fturma ve bask\u0131 tarihini kapsar. Kitap, sosyal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve teknik parametreler i\u00e7indeki pek \u00e7ok ill\u00fcstrasyon t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ba\u011flamsalla\u015ft\u0131rarak bilgileri akan bir kronoloji i\u00e7inde sunuyor ve bu alandaki hayati konular, arg\u00fcmanlar ve teknik konular \u00fczerine kendi kendine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen \u201cTema Kutular\u0131\u201d ile tamamlan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Kapsaml\u0131 bir tarih olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 bilgi, s\u0131n\u0131fta pratik kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck olacak ansiklopedik bir kaps\u00fcllemeden ziyade, temel bir k\u0131lavuzda sentezlenir; yani kapsaml\u0131 ve organize bir referans. Kitap ayr\u0131ca, ill\u00fcstrasyondaki \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmelerle bir araya gelen ilgili tarihi olaylar\u0131 ve yenilikleri vurgulamak i\u00e7in bir zaman \u00e7izelgesi de i\u00e7eriyor. Bu cilt ayr\u0131ca bir \u00f6zl\u00fck, dizin ve kapsaml\u0131 bir bibliyografyaya sahiptir.<\/p>\n

Bir ill\u00fcstrasyon tarihi’nin \u00f6\u011frenme \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar\u0131, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri teknik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve ideolojik bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan ele\u015ftirel bir \u015fekilde analiz etme hem tarihsel hem de \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bir ill\u00fcstrasyona ula\u015fma yetene\u011fini vurgular. B\u00f6ylece \u00f6\u011frenciler, mevcut ill\u00fcstrasyon \u00fcretimine ve ill\u00fcstrasyonda g\u00f6rsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara entelekt\u00fcel titizlik getirmek i\u00e7in bu kritik becerileri uygulayabilecekler.<\/p>\n

\u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon tarihindeki kurslar bug\u00fcne kadar bir ders kitab\u0131ndan yararlanmadan \u00f6\u011fretilmi\u015ftir, bu da i\u00e7erik ve kalitenin e\u011fitmenlere g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir; \u00e7o\u011fu resmi tarih e\u011fitimi yoktur. G\u00fcvenilir olmayan kaynaklara b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in tarihin tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan genelinde zarar g\u00f6rmektedir. Tarihler k\u00fcresel olan\u0131 yerel veya ulusal lehine g\u00f6rmezden gelir. Medya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, sanat ve tasar\u0131m ge\u00e7mi\u015fleri gibi di\u011fer alanlarla ba\u011flant\u0131lar yeterince geli\u015fmemi\u015ftir. \u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon Tarihi, g\u00fcvenilir, tutarl\u0131 bir e\u011fitim seviyesi sa\u011flar ve daha ileri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ilerleyebilece\u011fi ortak bir bilgi birikimi sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Tarih kitab\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu, ill\u00fcstrasyon alan\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki insanlar\u0131n, ill\u00fcstrasyon alan\u0131n\u0131n kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir gelene\u011fi veya felsefesinden yoksun oldu\u011fu ve akademik olarak titiz bir disiplin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklinde hatal\u0131 bir izlenim geli\u015ftirmi\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 hem ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler hem de yap\u0131mc\u0131lar olarak sunarak, \u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon Tarihi, ill\u00fcstrasyonu g\u00f6rmezden gelen veya karalayan miyop sanat tarihlerine \u00e7ok ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan bir kar\u015f\u0131 nokta sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Orta\u00e7a\u011f’da \u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon<\/h3>\n

Orta \u00c7a\u011f’da, \u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 el yazmalar\u0131nda anlat\u0131 resimleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kitaplar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve kopyalanmas\u0131n\u0131n birincil nedeni, dini yaz\u0131lar\u0131n kutsall\u0131\u011f\u0131na olan H\u0131ristiyan inanc\u0131d\u0131r. Manast\u0131rlar k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, e\u011fitimsel ve entelekt\u00fcel faaliyetlerin merkezleriydi ve kitap yazmak, kopyalamak ve ayd\u0131nlatmak i\u00e7in “scriptoria” ad\u0131 verilen st\u00fcdyo mekanlar\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131. 14. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren R\u00f6nesans sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, 1452’de Johannes Gutenberg taraf\u0131ndan mekanik bir bask\u0131 s\u00fcrecinin icat edilmesiyle seri \u00fcretilip da\u011f\u0131t\u0131labilen yeni m\u00fczik, edebiyat, sanat ve yay\u0131nlar sundular. Kaz\u0131ma bask\u0131lar g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri, fikirleri ve e\u011flenceyi geni\u015f bir izleyici kitlesine ula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ve \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki insanlara sanat\u0131 deneyimleme imkan\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1700’lerin ortalar\u0131nda Sanayi Devrimi’nin ba\u015flamas\u0131yla, bask\u0131 teknolojisi h\u0131zla geli\u015fti ve daha fazla yay\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131 ve g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. \u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon, g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta daha \u00e7ok kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130ngiliz ah\u015fap oymac\u0131s\u0131 ve yay\u0131nc\u0131 Thomas Bewick, \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in eserler, okullar i\u00e7in e\u011fitim materyalleri, do\u011fal tarih plakalar\u0131 ve kitaplar i\u00e7in ba\u015fl\u0131k sayfas\u0131 sanat\u0131 dahil olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ticari ill\u00fcstrasyonlar\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ve bas\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir st\u00fcdyo kurdu. Gazeteler giderek daha fazla grav\u00fcrle s\u00fcsleniyor.<\/p>\n

\u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon mesle\u011fi, 1800’lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda tam anlam\u0131yla yerle\u015fir. \u0130ngiliz ve Frans\u0131z karikat\u00fcristler, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, galeri benzeri matbaalar ve \u015fehir sokak kitap tezgahlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015f veya kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bask\u0131lar\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131yla tam zamanl\u0131 ill\u00fcstrat\u00f6rler olarak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u015fekilde ge\u00e7imini sa\u011flad\u0131lar. Bu, \u00e7izimi eri\u015filebilir ve ekonomik hale getirdi. Charles Dickens’\u0131n kitaplar\u0131 ve di\u011fer pop\u00fcler yazarlar\u0131n kitaplar\u0131 ba\u015ftan sona resmedildi. 1800’lerin sonlar\u0131nda ise Howard Pyle liderli\u011findeki ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 Amerikan anlat\u0131 ressamlar\u0131n\u0131n ilk neslinin etkisi alt\u0131nda, Jessie Willcox Smith, Elizabeth Shippen Green, Frank E. Schoonover, NC Wyeth ve di\u011ferleri gibi adanm\u0131\u015f gen\u00e7 sanat\u00e7\u0131lar, kariyerlerin yapabilece\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Yay\u0131nc\u0131lar k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ill\u00fcstrasyonlar\u0131n dergi aboneliklerinin sat\u0131lmas\u0131na ve reklam gelirinin artmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu\u011funu fark etti. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve tutarl\u0131 sat\u0131\u015flar, daha fazla orijinal sanat komisyonuna izin verdi ve ill\u00fcstrasyon i\u015fi tamamen kuruldu.<\/p>\n

20. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon<\/h3>\n

Asl\u0131nda ill\u00fcstrasyon, yay\u0131nc\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan bir zorunluluk olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da g\u00fczel ill\u00fcstrat\u00f6r i\u00e7in yay\u0131nlar aras\u0131ndaki rekabet, sanat i\u00e7in artan b\u00fct\u00e7elere, daha y\u00fcksek \u00fccretler ve sanat\u00e7\u0131lar i\u00e7in daha fazla tan\u0131nmaya yol a\u00e7t\u0131. En iyi ill\u00fcstrat\u00f6rler tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f fig\u00fcrler haline geldi ve Charles Dana Gibson ve John Held, Jr. gibi baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc stat\u00fcs\u00fcne ula\u015ft\u0131. Howard Christy Chandler, James Montgomery Flagg, C. Coles Phillips, JC Leyendecker ve Norman Rockwell’in dergi kapaklar\u0131 ve hikaye ill\u00fcstrasyonlar\u0131 Amerika’n\u0131n her yerinde milyonlarca ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Walt Disney, ilk sesli \u00e7izgi film olan Steamboat Willie (1928) gibi pop\u00fcler \u00e7izgi film k\u0131sa filmleri yaparak kendini bu alanda kurdu ve uzun metrajl\u0131 animasyon filmleri yaratmaya devam etti. Snow White 1934’te (1937’de piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc) ve Pinokyo’da \u00fcretime ba\u015flad\u0131. 1936’da (1940’ta piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc).<\/p>\n

Dergi yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k end\u00fcstrisi, B\u00fcy\u00fck Buhran ve \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ge\u00e7en uzun bir durgunlu\u011fun ard\u0131ndan 1950’lerde h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. Saturday Evening Post and Look, aile hayat\u0131, sanat ve e\u011flence ile ilgili g\u00fcncel olaylar, k\u0131sa kurgu ve \u00f6zelliklerle ilgili makaleler yay\u0131nlamaya devam eden son genel ilgi dergileriydi. Ladies ‘Home Journal, Cosmopolitan, Good Housekeeping ve di\u011ferleri de dahil olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6nemin kad\u0131n dergileri, kapsaml\u0131 bir \u015fekilde resmedilen \u00f6nemli yay\u0131nlard\u0131. Al Parker, Jon Whitcomb, Austin Briggs, Coby Whitmore, Joe De Mers, Bernie D’Andrea ve Lorraine Fox gibi g\u00fcn\u00fcn en iyi ressamlar\u0131na y\u00fcksek \u00fccretler \u00f6dediler.<\/p>\n

20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, televizyon \u00e7izgi filmlerinden ve 1990’lar\u0131n Walt Disney filmlerinden mezun olan pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi, Beauty and the Beast , Aladdin ve The Lion King gibi – Toy Story , Shrek ve Finding Nemo gibi animasyon filmlerinin evrimini g\u00f6zlemledi. Yenilik\u00e7i dijital \u00fcretimle \u00f6v\u00fcnen. Oyun end\u00fcstrisi de \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geli\u015fti ve Final Fantasy gibi teknolojik olarak geli\u015fmi\u015f video oyunlar\u0131 filme \u00e7evrilmek i\u00e7in olgunla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Marvel \u00e7izgi romanlar\u0131n\u0131n<\/a> yay\u0131nc\u0131lar\u0131 hem canl\u0131 aksiyon hem de animasyon \u00f6zellikleriyle film sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne tam gaz girdiler. Oyun end\u00fcstrisi, \u00e7izgi roman end\u00fcstrisi ve film end\u00fcstrisi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki daha yak\u0131ndan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 hale geldi ve ill\u00fcstrat\u00f6rler, ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc hayal edilemeyen d\u00fcnyalar\u0131 g\u00f6rselle\u015ftirmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olarak prod\u00fcksiyonun bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"

\u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon Kullan\u0131m\u0131, Reklam, Film Kitap Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/p><\/div>\n

Akademi’de ill\u00fcstrasyon<\/h3>\n

Do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi disiplinler aras\u0131 olan ill\u00fcstrasyon, genellikle g\u00f6rsel sanatlar, tasar\u0131m, edebiyat, d\u00fcnya tarihi, sosyoloji, bilim, medya vb. Gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli disiplinlere ek olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ve bu nedenle akademik d\u00fcnyada taksonomik bir \u00e7atla\u011fa d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon Tarihi, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ve metin \u00fcretiminin merkeziyetini insan \u00e7abas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ortaya koymada \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131md\u0131r ve ill\u00fcstrasyonu tarihi boyunca hem ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 hem de \u00fcretken olarak daha uygun bir \u015fekilde sunar. \u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon Tarihi, G\u00f6rsel \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve Be\u015feri bilimlerde yeni bir disiplin olarak \u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n son ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 tamamlar.<\/p>\n

M\u00fczede: Son y\u0131llarda g\u00f6rsel k\u00fclt\u00fcre odaklanman\u0131n artmas\u0131yla m\u00fczeler, ill\u00fcstrasyon i\u00e7eren veya \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan sergiler d\u00fczenlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Ancak \u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n tarihsel ihmalinden dolay\u0131, \u00e7ok az k\u00fcrat\u00f6r ill\u00fcstrat\u00f6rlere \u00f6zg\u00fc teknikler, ticari bask\u0131 teknolojisi veya ill\u00fcstrat\u00f6rler ve ill\u00fcstrasyon koleksiyoncular\u0131 aras\u0131nda ill\u00fcstrasyon de\u011ferleme gelenekleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi sahibidir. \u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon Tarihi, ill\u00fcstrasyon konusunda yeni olan m\u00fcze profesyonelleri i\u00e7in bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \u200b\u200bnoktas\u0131 g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr ve ayn\u0131 zamanda m\u00fczelerdeki e\u011fitim programlar\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131labilir hale getirilebilir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyada ill\u00fcstrasyon<\/h3>\n

\u00d6\u011frencilerin ele\u015ftirel g\u00f6rsel okuryazarl\u0131k konusunda e\u011fitilmesi bu kitab\u0131n birincil hedefidir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ill\u00fcstrasyon d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini desteklemek ve bilgiyi yaymak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Geleneksel bas\u0131l\u0131 formatlara ek olarak, ill\u00fcstrasyonlar web sitelerinde ve uygulamalarda geli\u015fir, bilimsel teorileri modellemek ve film \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda \u00f6zel efektlerden t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyalara kadar her \u015feyi tasavvur etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. K\u0131sacas\u0131, ill\u00fcstrasyon her zaman d\u00fcnyadaki en yayg\u0131n ve pop\u00fcler sanat formlar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur ve tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z en etkili olan\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon Tarihi, okuyucuya bilin\u00e7li ve sorumlulukla g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri yorumlama ve yapma konusunda bili\u015fsel ve ele\u015ftirel beceriler kazand\u0131racakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon \u00e7izimlerinin tarihi geli\u015fimi ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kullan\u0131m\u0131 yaz\u0131n\u0131n temel konusudur. \u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon Nedir, Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi Tarih boyunca insanl\u0131k \u00f6yk\u00fc anlatmak i\u00e7in anlat\u0131 imgeleri kulland\u0131. Kaydedilen en eski ill\u00fcstrasyonlar, Fransa, Lascaux’da yakla\u015f\u0131k M\u00d6 15.000’de yarat\u0131lan ma\u011fara resimlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler, \u00f6nemli olaylar\u0131 detayland\u0131ran arka arkaya resimli temsiller veya logogramlar i\u00e7eriyordu. Yunanistan ve \u0130talya’n\u0131n eski uygarl\u0131klar\u0131nda sanat, tanr\u0131lar\u0131, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13046,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[124],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13041","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sanat-tarihi"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon - Arthipo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon Nedir, Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi nas\u0131l yap\u0131l\u0131r kitap s\u00fcslemesi orta\u00e7a\u011f el yazmalar\u0131nda anlat\u0131 resimleri g\u00f6rsel sanatlar, tasar\u0131m\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/artblog\/sanat-tarihi\/illustrasyon.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon - 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