{"id":12963,"date":"2021-09-14T19:35:50","date_gmt":"2021-09-14T16:35:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/artblog\/?p=12963"},"modified":"2021-09-14T19:40:01","modified_gmt":"2021-09-14T16:40:01","slug":"ilk-cagda-sanat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/artblog\/sanat-tarihi\/ilk-cagda-sanat.html","title":{"rendered":"\u0130lk \u00c7a\u011fda Sanat"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130lk \u00e7a\u011fda sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in bir ka\u00e7 farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemden bakmak gerekir: Hellenistik d\u00f6nem, Roma d\u00f6nemi ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk \u00c7a\u011fda Sanat, Antik \u00c7a\u011flarda Sanat Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 Nas\u0131ld\u0131?<\/b><\/h2>\n

Erken antik \u00e7a\u011f, M\u00d6 4,500 civar\u0131nda be\u015finci biny\u0131lda ba\u015flar. Bat\u0131’daki medeniyetin a\u015famal\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilir. ilk “birle\u015fik halklar” veya k\u00fclt\u00fcrler (S\u00fcmer, Pers, Akad, Babil, Hitit ve Asur) ve Mezopotamya’daki Uruk gibi ilk \u015fehir devletleri. Artan sosyal organizasyon ve uyum, tipik olarak Zigguratlar, Piramitler ve di\u011fer ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 mezar t\u00fcrleri gibi ve Bak\u0131r kullan\u0131m\u0131 gibi metalurjinin geli\u015fimi. Mezopotamya uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk be\u015fi\u011fiydi, onu M\u0131s\u0131r ve Nil’in her iki taraf\u0131ndaki topraklar\u0131 izledi. Bu iki k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn (\u00f6zellikle M\u0131s\u0131r ta\u015f i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011finin) \u00fcretti\u011fi sanatsal gelenekler, \u00f6zellikle Antik Yunan k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri olmak \u00fczere ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrler \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etkiye sahipti. Mezopotamya uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (S\u00fcmer, Akad, Babil, Hitit ve Asur) K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya, Levant ve Do\u011fu Akdeniz’e ve Ege boyunca Girit, Kiklad Adalar\u0131’na ve Miken’e kadar yay\u0131ld\u0131. Genel olarak Ege sanat\u0131 yenilik\u00e7i seramik sanat\u0131 ile karakterize edilirken, Girit veya Minos sanat\u0131 Knossos, Akrotiri ve di\u011fer yerlerdeki Saray mimarisiyle \u00f6rneklendirilir. Protopalatial d\u00f6nemden ve Neopalatial d\u00f6nemden Miken sanat\u0131, Vapheio Kupalar\u0131 ve m\u00fccevher oymac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 (m\u00fch\u00fcrler) ile \u00f6rneklenen kuyumculuk ve m\u00fccevherleriyle \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu arada M\u0131s\u0131r sanat\u0131 g\u00fcneye do\u011fru geli\u015fmeye devam etti.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk \u00c7a\u011fda Sanat, Klasik Antik \u00c7a\u011f Tarihi<\/h2>\n

Antik \u00e7a\u011flarda sanat\u0131n geli\u015fiminde temel etki Hellenistik k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Roma k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u015eimdi bu k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 inceleyelim.<\/p>\n

Antik Yunanistan’\u0131n Arkaik D\u00f6nemi Sanat (M\u00d6 800-500)<\/h3>\n

Do\u011fu Akdeniz’de g\u00fcney Avrupa ve Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesinden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7lerin tetikledi\u011fi bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k d\u00f6neminden sonra yakla\u015f\u0131k M\u00d6 800’den itibaren Antik Yunanistan, refah ve g\u00fc\u00e7te kademeli bir art\u0131\u015f ya\u015famaya ba\u015flad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, \u00f6rne\u011fin 776’da ilk Olimpiyat Oyunlar\u0131 Olimpiya’da yap\u0131l\u0131rken, 750 civar\u0131nda ilk Yunan alfabesinin kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Arkaik \u00e7a\u011fda Antik Yunanistan, Yeni Asur \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131nda di\u011fer Orta Do\u011fu \u00fclkelerinden, sanattan ve ayr\u0131ca din ve mitolojiden de \u00f6\u011feler almaya devam etti. Arkaik d\u00f6nemin geleneksel olarak Atina’n\u0131n son tiran\u0131n devrilmesi ve Atina Demokrasisinin (M\u00d6 508) ba\u015flamas\u0131yla sona erdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir.Yunan serami\u011fi , \u00f6zellikle Geometrik, Oryantal ve Siyah Fig\u00fcr tarzlar\u0131nda. Bu d\u00f6nemdeki heykeller , ayakta \u00e7\u0131plak gen\u00e7lik (kouros) ve ayakta duran bol d\u00f6k\u00fcml\u00fc k\u0131z (kore) gibi sert, hiyeratik pozlardaki heykellerle temsil edilir.<\/p>\n

Antik Yunan Klasik D\u00f6nemi Sanat (M\u00d6 500-323)<\/h3>\n

“Klasik Yunan K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc” olarak bilinen Klasik Antik \u00c7a\u011f’\u0131n bu d\u00f6neminde, t\u00fcm Bat\u0131 Medeniyetinin temeli olan Yunan Medeniyetinin zirvesini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Klasik Yunan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, onun versiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 imparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgelerine ihra\u00e7 eden Romal\u0131lar \u00fczerinde son derece etkiliydi. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, Antik Yunan fikirleri ve de\u011ferleri, \u00f6zellikle Avrupa’da R\u00f6nesans sanat\u0131 d\u00f6neminde ve daha sonra Neoklasik sanat ve Neoklasik mimari d\u00f6neminde modern d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sanat\u0131 ve mimarisi \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etkiye sahip olmu\u015ftur. 18. Avrupa ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l Amerika’s\u0131nda. Asl\u0131nda, Yunan sanat\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fcmanist esteti\u011fi ve y\u00fcksek teknik standartlar\u0131 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na kadar Bat\u0131’daki akademik sanat de\u011ferlerine h\u00e2kim olmaya devam etti. Perslerin askeri yenilgisiyle ba\u015flayan Klasik D\u00f6nem, yakla\u015f\u0131k M\u00d6 400 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Atina ve Delos Birli\u011fi’nin hakimiyetindeydi. Bundan sonra, hegemonya Thebes ve Boeotian Ligi’ne ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce Sparta bir s\u00fcre egemen oldu. Son a\u015famaya Makedon liderli\u011findeki Korint Ligi hakim oldu.<\/p>\n

\"\"

\u0130lk \u00c7a\u011fda Sanat Hellenistik D\u00f6nemi, Antik Yunan D\u00f6nemi Sanat\u0131, Athena Heykeli<\/p><\/div>\n

Klasik Yunan sanat\u0131, Athena Parthenos’un devasa kriselefantin heykeliyle birlikte Olympia’daki Zeus Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131, Hephaistos Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131, Athena Nike Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 ve Delphi’deki Tiyatro \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk \u00c7a\u011fda Sanat Helenistik D\u00f6nemi (M\u00d6 323-27)<\/h3>\n

Klasik Antik \u00c7a\u011f’\u0131n Helenistik d\u00f6nemi, B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender’in M\u00d6 323’teki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden, Romal\u0131lar\u0131n M\u00d6 31’deki Actium Muharebesi’ndeki tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 zaferine ve ard\u0131ndan Ptolemaik M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n fethine kadar uzan\u0131r. Yunan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn Akdeniz Havzas\u0131 boyunca ve Avrupa, Afrika ve Asya’ya yay\u0131lmas\u0131na tan\u0131k oldu. \u00d6rne\u011fin Bat\u0131’da Roma sanat\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla Yunan modellerine dayan\u0131yordu, Do\u011fu’da ise B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender’in fetihleri.Y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca Levant, Orta Asya ve Hint k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri \u00fczerinde Yunan etkisine yol a\u00e7t\u0131 ve Japonya’ya kadar zincirleme etkilerle Greko-Budist sanat\u0131n\u0131n formlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. D\u00f6nemin genellikle Yunan Klasik d\u00f6neminin parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclse de, Helenizm yeni, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman sinirli bir d\u0131\u015favurumculuk ba\u015flatt\u0131. Efes antik kentinde mimaris<\/p>\n

Roma D\u00f6neminde Sanat (M\u00d6 27 – MS 330)<\/h3>\n

Bu d\u00f6nem, M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n Roma yenilgisinden, MS 330’da Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun yeni Do\u011fu ba\u015fkenti Konstantin taraf\u0131ndan Bizans’\u0131n (Konstantinopolis) kurulmas\u0131na kadar uzan\u0131r. \u0130mparatorluk Roma’n\u0131n t\u00fcm d\u00f6nemini kapsayan Pax Romana ve Roma imparatorlar\u0131n\u0131n ve di\u011fer ileri gelenlerin on binlerce portre b\u00fcst\u00fcn\u00fcn imalat\u0131 yoluyla Roma’n\u0131n y\u00fcceltilmesi. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan, bu d\u00f6nem her \u015feyden \u00f6nce ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc Roma mimarisi ile karakterize edilir ( Pont Du Gard Su Kemeri, Titus Kemeri, Trajan Hamamlar\u0131, Trajan K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc, Diocletian Hamamlar\u0131, Konstantin Kemeri, Roma kabartma heykelleri, Augustan Bar\u0131\u015f Suna\u011f\u0131, Trajan S\u00fctunu, Antoninus Pius S\u00fctunu, ve Marcus Aurelius S\u00fctunu gibi).<\/p>\n

\"\"

Laocoon ve O\u011fullar\u0131, Antik Roma D\u00f6neminde Sanat<\/p><\/div>\n

H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k D\u00f6nemi Sanat (330-472)<\/h3>\n

Klasik Antikli\u011fin son d\u00f6nemi, Bat\u0131’daki son Roma \u0130mparatoru Anthemius’un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar H\u0131ristiyanla\u015fma d\u00f6nemini kaps\u0131yor. Roma’n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden sonra Ravenna, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun yeni Bat\u0131 ba\u015fkenti oldu. \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 Barbarlar taraf\u0131ndan a\u015famal\u0131 olarak istila edildi\u011finden Asl\u0131nda Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131, Karanl\u0131k \u00c7a\u011flar olarak bilinen d\u00f6rt as\u0131rl\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcrel durgunluk ya\u015fayacakt\u0131. Erken H\u0131ristiyan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve eserleri hakk\u0131ndaki bilgilerimizin neredeyse tamam\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde arkeolojik ke\u015fiflerden gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ne yaz\u0131k ki, ilk \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki Hristiyan inanc\u0131ndan \u00e7ok az kutsal sanat eseri veya tasar\u0131m hayatta kald\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7o\u011funlukla ilk H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 fakir insanlar veya k\u00f6lelerdi. \u0130lk H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k ve Yahudilik aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131lar ve \u0130kinci Emir nedeniyle Yahudilerin imgelere ve putperestli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015flar\u0131 nedeniyle, Mesih ve Kutsal Aile’nin t\u00fcm resimlerinin yasaklanm\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Ancak bu Emir, Diaspora’daki Helenle\u015fmi\u015f Yahudiler aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde uygulanmad\u0131. Yine de bu sanat bi\u00e7iminin ilk \u00f6rnekleri, MS 313’te Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yasalla\u015ft\u0131ran Konstantin’in Milano Ferman\u0131’ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nce MS 150 civar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Neredeyse t\u00fcm bu erken H\u0131ristiyan eserleri Bat\u0131’da bulundu ve ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta pagan formlar\u0131na ve geleneklerine dayan\u0131yordu. Klasik Antik \u00c7a\u011f\u0131n Hristiyan D\u00f6nemi’nin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zellikleri aras\u0131nda g\u00f6rkemli Ravenna Mozaikleri ve ayr\u0131ca San Vitale Bazilikas\u0131, Konstantinopolis’teki Chora Kilisesi gibi mimari \u015faheserler bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130lk \u00e7a\u011fda sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in bir ka\u00e7 farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemden bakmak gerekir: Hellenistik d\u00f6nem, Roma d\u00f6nemi ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k. \u0130lk \u00c7a\u011fda Sanat, Antik \u00c7a\u011flarda Sanat Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 Nas\u0131ld\u0131? Erken antik \u00e7a\u011f, M\u00d6 4,500 civar\u0131nda be\u015finci biny\u0131lda ba\u015flar. Bat\u0131’daki medeniyetin a\u015famal\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilir. ilk “birle\u015fik halklar” veya k\u00fclt\u00fcrler (S\u00fcmer, Pers, Akad, Babil, Hitit ve Asur) ve Mezopotamya’daki Uruk […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12976,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[124],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12963","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sanat-tarihi"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0130lk \u00c7a\u011fda Sanat - Arthipo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0130lk \u00c7a\u011fda Sanat Antik \u00c7a\u011flarda Sanat Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 Nas\u0131ld\u0131 Klasik Antik \u00c7a\u011f Tarihi Antik Yunanistan, Helenistik Roma H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k D\u00f6nemi Sanat\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arthipo.com\/artblog\/sanat-tarihi\/ilk-cagda-sanat.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0130lk \u00c7a\u011fda Sanat - 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